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Question 1

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 1

Upright
• Face forwards
• Feet together
• Palms face
forwards
• Same regardless
of motion

Question 2

What are the positons to do with the limbs?

Answer 2

Distal and proximal

Question 3

What is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 3

Clavicle and scapula

Question 4

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 4

Distributes force to both sides of the skeleton

Question 5

How many hand bones?

Answer 5

Carpals (8)
Ø Metacarpals (5)
Ø Phalanges (3)

Question 6

How many foot bones?

Answer 6

Tarsals (7)
Ø Metatarsals (5)
Ø Phalanges (3)

Question 7

What are osteocytes and what do they do?

Answer 7

Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix

Question 8

What do osteoblasts do?

Answer 8

Build extracellular matrix

Question 9

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 9

Bone resorbing cell

Question 10

Why is bipedal standing energy efficent?

Answer 10

• Relatively small area of
contact with ground
• Plantar surface of feet

Question 11

What does gravity influence on the body with movement?

Answer 11

Gravity acts as an antagonist to flexion of the elbow

Gravity is aiding in lowering weight down

Question 12

Bipedal standing HIP

Answer 12

Line of gravit is posterior to joint, joint is pushed into extension = ligaments are tight
–> This is a locked joint

Question 13

What are the ligaments like in the hip at different movements?

Answer 13

Hip in flexion: loss anteriorly, tight posteriorly
Hip in extension: tight anteriorly; loss posteriorly
Bones that you bring together = ligament will become loss

Question 14

Why are ligaments good stabilisers for bipedal standing?

Answer 14

• -> ligaments dont require a lot of energy

- -> Stabilises joint

Question 15

Bipedal standing KNEE

Answer 15

Line of gravity is anterior to knee, joint is pushed into extension (ligaments are tight)

• -> Joint is locked
• -> Most stable position

Question 16

Bipedal standing ANKLE

Answer 16

Line of gravity is anterior to joint
‘Fall’ into dorsiflexion
• Not locked
• Plantarflexors stabilise acts as an antagonist to gravity to stabilise this 
- Energy is consumed

Question 17

What are the concs of NA and K cell

Answer 17

High Na outside, low K outside

Question 18

Where is Na+ gradient?

Answer 18

Towards the inside of the cell cause its high on the oustide

Question 19

Where is K gradient

Answer 19

Towards to outside of the cell as it is high inside

Question 20

What is temporal summation

Answer 20

The summation of graded potentials in time, on the same neurons (EPSP’s build up helping the depolarisation over threshold to produce and action potential)

Question 21

What is spacial summation?

Answer 21

The summation of graded potenials in space, two simultaenous stimuli on two different neurons to help action potential to propergrate

Question 22

What are the fissures/ sulcuses on the spinal cord?

Answer 22

Posterior median sulus

Anterior median fissure

Question 23

What type of information goes to the dorsal side?

Answer 23

Sensory

Question 24

What would happen if there was damage to the ventral horn?

Answer 24

Paralysis of muscles supplied by spinal

nerves from this level, on same side only

Question 25

What would happen if there was damage to the dorsal root pathway?

Answer 25

Loss of sensation from regions of the body supplied by

spinal nerves from this level, on same side only

Question 26

What is the structure of a peripheral nerve?

Answer 26

• Axons are covered with endoneurium
• Endoneurium-covered axons are
  bundled together to form a fascicle
• Fascicles are covered with perineurium

Fascicles bundle with each other and
with blood vessels to form a nerve

• Nerves are covered by epineurium