Okay x Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
Upright • Face forwards • Feet together • Palms face forwards • Same regardless of motion
What are the positons to do with the limbs?
Distal and proximal
What is the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Distributes force to both sides of the skeleton
How many hand bones?
Carpals (8)
Ø Metacarpals (5)
Ø Phalanges (3)
How many foot bones?
Tarsals (7)
Ø Metatarsals (5)
Ø Phalanges (3)
What are osteocytes and what do they do?
Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix
What do osteoblasts do?
Build extracellular matrix
What do osteoclasts do?
Bone resorbing cell
Why is bipedal standing energy efficent?
• Relatively small area of
contact with ground
• Plantar surface of feet
What does gravity influence on the body with movement?
Gravity acts as an antagonist to flexion of the elbow
Gravity is aiding in lowering weight down
Bipedal standing HIP
Line of gravit is posterior to joint, joint is pushed into extension = ligaments are tight
–> This is a locked joint
What are the ligaments like in the hip at different movements?
Hip in flexion: loss anteriorly, tight posteriorly
Hip in extension: tight anteriorly; loss posteriorly
Bones that you bring together = ligament will become loss
Why are ligaments good stabilisers for bipedal standing?
- -> ligaments dont require a lot of energy
- -> Stabilises joint
Bipedal standing KNEE
Line of gravity is anterior to knee, joint is pushed into extension (ligaments are tight)
- -> Joint is locked
- -> Most stable position
Bipedal standing ANKLE
Line of gravity is anterior to joint ‘Fall’ into dorsiflexion • Not locked • Plantarflexors stabilise acts as an antagonist to gravity to stabilise this - Energy is consumed
What are the concs of NA and K cell
High Na outside, low K outside
Where is Na+ gradient?
Towards the inside of the cell cause its high on the oustide
Where is K gradient
Towards to outside of the cell as it is high inside
What is temporal summation
The summation of graded potentials in time, on the same neurons (EPSP’s build up helping the depolarisation over threshold to produce and action potential)
What is spacial summation?
The summation of graded potenials in space, two simultaenous stimuli on two different neurons to help action potential to propergrate
What are the fissures/ sulcuses on the spinal cord?
Posterior median sulus
Anterior median fissure
What type of information goes to the dorsal side?
Sensory
What would happen if there was damage to the ventral horn?
Paralysis of muscles supplied by spinal
nerves from this level, on same side only
What would happen if there was damage to the dorsal root pathway?
Loss of sensation from regions of the body supplied by
spinal nerves from this level, on same side only
What is the structure of a peripheral nerve?
- Axons are covered with endoneurium
- Endoneurium-covered axons are
bundled together to form a fascicle - Fascicles are covered with perineurium
Fascicles bundle with each other and
with blood vessels to form a nerve
• Nerves are covered by epineurium
