Random things Flashcards
Which nerve carries most parasympathetic NS output?
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
What’s the role of glia?
protect and supports neurons (nerve cells)
MS is a disease that attacks ___.
oligodendrocytes
The most numerous of the CNS glial cells are ___.
astrocytes
These form the blood brain barrier:
astrocytes
This is a substance that, in excess, causes cells to become overexcited and die:
glutamate
This blood protein, leaked via damaged BBB, inappropriately activates astrocytes leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons and epileptic seizures.
albumin
What % chance does someone with traumatic brain injury have of developing epilepsy?
10-50%
What’s the tripartite synapse?
presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, astrocyte
This system contributes to neuroplasticity:
tripartate system
A painful response to a normally non painful stimulus:
allodynia
What are Ganglia?
nerve cell clusters/groups of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system
Ganglia are thought to have the same role, in the ANS, as ___ have in the CNS.
astrocytes
The resident macrophages of the CNS
microglia
Microglia facilitate and also coordinate responses between the ___ ___ ___ and the brain.
peripheral immune system
Pro- and anti- inflammatory ___ can be transported into the brain via the blood (___ pathway) or by the ___ nerve (___ pathway).
cytokines; humoral; vagus; neural
Cytokines are pumped out by:
microglia
When there is an increase in inflammatory receptors on microglia, they are referred to as ___, ___, or ___.
primed, reactive, sensitized
___ are a diverse group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.
flavanoids
Arachnoid membrane is made up of delicate, spiderweb- like ___ fibres.
collagen
The normal total volume of CSF is ___-___ml. The normal total production of CSF is about ___-___ ml/day.
125-150; 400-500
Dural sinuses carry reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the ___ ___ veins. Dural sinuses are found between the two layers of ___ ___.
internal jugular; dura mater
What do dural sinuses lack?
the three tunics of arteries and veins
What’s the aka for dural sinus
cranial sinus
The upper dome-like portion of the skull
calvaria
The layer of spongy bone separating the two layers of the calvaria
diploë
The diploic veins drain the diploic space and are in turn drained by ___ veins travelling in the ___ and ___ foramina.
emissary; parietal; occipital
What function do emissary veins have?
bring fluid outside the skull and away from the brain to cool, then back into the brain (prevent brain from overheating)
A hematoma is a localized mass of ___ ___, usually ___.
extravasated blood; clotted
What are four types of neroglia in the CNS?
-ependymal cells -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes -microglia
What are two types of neroglia in the PNS?
-satallite cells -schwann cells
In ___ test, the standing patient is asked to close his/her eyes. A loss of balance is positive. (tests proprioception)
romberg’s test
___ is the perception of the outside world
exteroception
___ is the perception of bodily sensations including pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, visceral sensations, hunger, thirst, air hunger, and emotional awareness
interoception
___ is a decreased CNS response to a repeated stimulus and ___ is an increased response to a repeated stimulus
habituation; sensitization
All unipoar neurons are ___ neurons
sensory (afferent)
___ is the decrease in sensory receptor (PNS) sensitivity during a long-lasting stimulus
adaptation
Receptors which continue to respond throughout the duration of a prolonged stimulus are termed ___ adapting
slow (ex. nociceptors)
Receptors that respond best to change are called ___ adapting receptors
fast (ex. olfactory receptors)
___ Law states that the change needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus.
Weber’s
What are the dermatomes named for?
the spinal nerve that supplies them
Which dermatome supplies the lateral shoulder and arm?
C5
Which dermatome supplies the thumb, index finger (i.e. radial border of hand)?
C6
Which dermatome supplies the middle finger?
C7
Which dermatome supplies the digiti minimi (i.e. ulnar border of hand)
C8
Which dermatome supplies the medial elbow?
T1
Which dermatomes are the intercostal nn?
T2-T12
Which dermatome crosses the umbilicus?
T10
Which dermatome crosses the upper edge of the pubic bone?
T12 (subcostal nerve)
___ ___ and ___ ___ are found in the uppermost part of the dermis, especially the superficial layers of glabrous (hairless) skin.
meissner corpuscles; merkel cells
These detect fine discriminative touch
meissner corpuscles; merkel cells
These corpuscles are sensitive to skin stretch. They monitor slippage of object along the surface, allowing modulation of grip.
ruffini corpuscles
These detect deep touch and vibration.
pacinian corpuscles
These are thought to help us feel extreme cold
bulbs of krause (multi-layered capsules with many branched nerve endings)
What are the two major types of nociceptors?
A-Delta; C aka C-PMN (polymodal)
___ nociceptors carry fast, “first pain” at around __mph
A-Delta; 35
___ nociceptors carry slow pain at around __mph
C-PMN; 2.5
___ nociceptors are found in superficial skin and infolding of alimentary canal (anus and mouth)
A-Delta
The unipolar neuron coming from a muscle spindle is referred to as the ___ fibre
1a (wraps around spindle)
Sensitivity of muscle spindles detecting changes in muscle length is adjusted by ___ ___ ___.
gamma motor neurons
-These are the most abundant type of LMN. -Cell bodies located in the SC. -They’re used in the actual force of mm contraction. -Innervate extrafusal mm fibres (aka skeletal mm) outside the spindle.
alpha motor neurons (fish symbol)
-LMN that innervates intrafusal fibres of mm spindles -cell bodies located in anterior horn of SC -adjust sensitivity of mm spindles
gamma motor neurons
If mm lengthens too quickly, __ __ is stretched. ==> __ activity increases to CNS. ==> which increases __ __ __ activity from CNS which causes extrafusal fibres to contract and resist stretch
mm spindle; 1a; alpha motor neuron
What does gamma activation do?
keeps mm spindles taut (so when mm shorten, the spindles don’t become slack and lose ability to give 1a proprioceptive input)
The unipolar neuron coming from a Golgi tendon organ is referred to as a __ fibre
1b
When a muscle contraction exceeds a certain threshold, ___ ___ (aka __ __ reflex aka __ __ reflex) takes place, causing mm to relax due to GTO influence.
autogenic inhibition; inverse stretch; inverse myotatic
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ___ ___
corpus callosum
Gray matter is dominated by ___ whereas white matter is dominated by ___
nuclei; myelinated tracts
All lobes have a(n) ___ ___ which analyses and combines signals from other lobes
association cortex
In which lobe and gyrus is the motor corex?
frontal; precentral gyrus
In which lobe and gyrus is the sensory corex?
parietal; postcentral gyrus
This ability to recognize objects by touch is an important function of the parietal lobe of a massage therapist
stereognosis
In which lobe are auditory and olfactory stimuli interpreted?
temporal lobe
In which lobe is Broca’s area? Wernicke’s area?
frontal; temporal
A disorder of motor planning in which patients have difficulty executing an action even though their muscles are capable of doing so
apraxia
A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is a ___; a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is a ___
nucleus; ganglion
The ___ ___ is the strong horizontal fold of dura mater that is attached along the midline to the falx ceribri and separates the cerebellum from the basal suface of the occipital and temporal lobes.
tentorium cerebelli
In general, what is the brainstem concerned with?
the vital (life sustaining) functions of the ANS
Where are most of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei located?
brainstem
The medulla oblongata contains nuclei that are reflex centres for regulation of:
heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting (emesis) and cardiovascular control
The pons relays nerve impulses between the ___ and ___ and helps control ___ along with the ___
cortex; cerebellum; breathing; medulla
The midbrain mediates ___ and ___ reflexes
auditory; visual (oculomotor)
___ produced in the ___ ___ plays a role in motivation and movement for all animals from humans to insects
dopamine; substantia nigra
The ___ ___ wraps around the brain stem and lies beneath the cerebral cortex. Its structures are also connected with other major structures such as the cortex and basal ganglia
limbic system
This is the brain’s pleasure centre
nucleus accumbens
The limbic system is tightly connected with the ___ ___.
prefrontal cortex
The ___ is involved in controlling the ANS and endocrine systems and organized behaviours
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is situated below and in front of the thalamus and above the ___ ___
pituitary gland (hypohysis)
The hypothalamus plays important role in integration of ___ and ___ systems. Its functions include control of:
enodocrine; nervous; hunger, thirst, body temperature and sexual arousal (it’s part of the limbic system/emotional brain)
The ___ nucleus in the hypothalamus controls circadian rhythms via the ___ gland’s secretion of melatonin.
suprachiasmatic; pineal
___ ___ ___ can occur when one is using a tool such as a stick, meaning the perceptual experience is transferred to the end of the tool
extended haptic proprioception
Memory for facts and events is called:
declarative (aka explicit) memory
The hindbrain consists of:
medulla, pons and cerebellum
Pons nuclei deal primarily with:
sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation and posture
The midbrain coordinates:
sensory information with basic movements
The forebrain includes:
thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum (the caudal/posterior part of the forebrain is the diencephalon)
Albumin, leaked via damaged BBB, inappropriately activates ___ leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons and ___ ___.
astrocytes; epileptic seizures
True or false: the hypothalamus is part of the limbic system
True
