Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

T2 Neurology > Random things > Flashcards

Random things Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerve carries most parasympathetic NS output?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What’s the role of glia?

A

protect and supports neurons (nerve cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MS is a disease that attacks ___.

A

oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The most numerous of the CNS glial cells are ___.

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

These form the blood brain barrier:

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This is a substance that, in excess, causes cells to become overexcited and die:

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This blood protein, leaked via damaged BBB, inappropriately activates astrocytes leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons and epileptic seizures.

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What % chance does someone with traumatic brain injury have of developing epilepsy?

A

10-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the tripartite synapse?

A

presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, astrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This system contributes to neuroplasticity:

A

tripartate system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A painful response to a normally non painful stimulus:

A

allodynia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

nerve cell clusters/groups of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ganglia are thought to have the same role, in the ANS, as ___ have in the CNS.

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The resident macrophages of the CNS

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microglia facilitate and also coordinate responses between the ___ ___ ___ and the brain.

A

peripheral immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pro- and anti- inflammatory ___ can be transported into the brain via the blood (___ pathway) or by the ___ nerve (___ pathway).

A

cytokines; humoral; vagus; neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytokines are pumped out by:

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When there is an increase in inflammatory receptors on microglia, they are referred to as ___, ___, or ___.

A

primed, reactive, sensitized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

___ are a diverse group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.

A

flavanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Arachnoid membrane is made up of delicate, spiderweb- like ___ fibres.

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The normal total volume of CSF is ___-___ml. The normal total production of CSF is about ___-___ ml/day.

A

125-150; 400-500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dural sinuses carry reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the ___ ___ veins. Dural sinuses are found between the two layers of ___ ___.

A

internal jugular; dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do dural sinuses lack?

A

the three tunics of arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the aka for dural sinus

A

cranial sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The upper dome-like portion of the skull

A

calvaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The layer of spongy bone separating the two layers of the calvaria

A

diploë

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The diploic veins drain the diploic space and are in turn drained by ___ veins travelling in the ___ and ___ foramina.

A

emissary; parietal; occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What function do emissary veins have?

A

bring fluid outside the skull and away from the brain to cool, then back into the brain (prevent brain from overheating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A hematoma is a localized mass of ___ ___, usually ___.

A

extravasated blood; clotted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are four types of neroglia in the CNS?

A

-ependymal cells -oligodendrocytes -astrocytes -microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are two types of neroglia in the PNS?

A

-satallite cells -schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In ___ test, the standing patient is asked to close his/her eyes. A loss of balance is positive. (tests proprioception)

A

romberg’s test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

___ is the perception of the outside world

A

exteroception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

___ is the perception of bodily sensations including pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, visceral sensations, hunger, thirst, air hunger, and emotional awareness

A

interoception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

___ is a decreased CNS response to a repeated stimulus and ___ is an increased response to a repeated stimulus

A

habituation; sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

All unipoar neurons are ___ neurons

A

sensory (afferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

___ is the decrease in sensory receptor (PNS) sensitivity during a long-lasting stimulus

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Receptors which continue to respond throughout the duration of a prolonged stimulus are termed ___ adapting

A

slow (ex. nociceptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Receptors that respond best to change are called ___ adapting receptors

A

fast (ex. olfactory receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

___ Law states that the change needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus.

A

Weber’s

41
Q

What are the dermatomes named for?

A

the spinal nerve that supplies them

42
Q

Which dermatome supplies the lateral shoulder and arm?

A

C5

43
Q

Which dermatome supplies the thumb, index finger (i.e. radial border of hand)?

A

C6

44
Q

Which dermatome supplies the middle finger?

A

C7

45
Q

Which dermatome supplies the digiti minimi (i.e. ulnar border of hand)

A

C8

46
Q

Which dermatome supplies the medial elbow?

A

T1

47
Q

Which dermatomes are the intercostal nn?

A

T2-T12

48
Q

Which dermatome crosses the umbilicus?

A

T10

49
Q

Which dermatome crosses the upper edge of the pubic bone?

A

T12 (subcostal nerve)

50
Q

___ ___ and ___ ___ are found in the uppermost part of the dermis, especially the superficial layers of glabrous (hairless) skin.

A

meissner corpuscles; merkel cells

51
Q

These detect fine discriminative touch

A

meissner corpuscles; merkel cells

52
Q

These corpuscles are sensitive to skin stretch. They monitor slippage of object along the surface, allowing modulation of grip.

A

ruffini corpuscles

53
Q

These detect deep touch and vibration.

A

pacinian corpuscles

54
Q

These are thought to help us feel extreme cold

A

bulbs of krause (multi-layered capsules with many branched nerve endings)

55
Q

What are the two major types of nociceptors?

A

A-Delta; C aka C-PMN (polymodal)

56
Q

___ nociceptors carry fast, “first pain” at around __mph

A

A-Delta; 35

57
Q

___ nociceptors carry slow pain at around __mph

A

C-PMN; 2.5

58
Q

___ nociceptors are found in superficial skin and infolding of alimentary canal (anus and mouth)

A

A-Delta

59
Q

The unipolar neuron coming from a muscle spindle is referred to as the ___ fibre

A

1a (wraps around spindle)

60
Q

Sensitivity of muscle spindles detecting changes in muscle length is adjusted by ___ ___ ___.

A

gamma motor neurons

61
Q

-These are the most abundant type of LMN. -Cell bodies located in the SC. -They’re used in the actual force of mm contraction. -Innervate extrafusal mm fibres (aka skeletal mm) outside the spindle.

A

alpha motor neurons (fish symbol)

62
Q

-LMN that innervates intrafusal fibres of mm spindles -cell bodies located in anterior horn of SC -adjust sensitivity of mm spindles

A

gamma motor neurons

63
Q

If mm lengthens too quickly, __ __ is stretched. ==> __ activity increases to CNS. ==> which increases __ __ __ activity from CNS which causes extrafusal fibres to contract and resist stretch

A

mm spindle; 1a; alpha motor neuron

64
Q

What does gamma activation do?

A

keeps mm spindles taut (so when mm shorten, the spindles don’t become slack and lose ability to give 1a proprioceptive input)

65
Q

The unipolar neuron coming from a Golgi tendon organ is referred to as a __ fibre

A

1b

66
Q

When a muscle contraction exceeds a certain threshold, ___ ___ (aka __ __ reflex aka __ __ reflex) takes place, causing mm to relax due to GTO influence.

A

autogenic inhibition; inverse stretch; inverse myotatic

67
Q

The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ___ ___

A

corpus callosum

68
Q

Gray matter is dominated by ___ whereas white matter is dominated by ___

A

nuclei; myelinated tracts

69
Q

All lobes have a(n) ___ ___ which analyses and combines signals from other lobes

A

association cortex

70
Q

In which lobe and gyrus is the motor corex?

A

frontal; precentral gyrus

71
Q

In which lobe and gyrus is the sensory corex?

A

parietal; postcentral gyrus

72
Q

This ability to recognize objects by touch is an important function of the parietal lobe of a massage therapist

A

stereognosis

73
Q

In which lobe are auditory and olfactory stimuli interpreted?

A

temporal lobe

74
Q

In which lobe is Broca’s area? Wernicke’s area?

A

frontal; temporal

75
Q

A disorder of motor planning in which patients have difficulty executing an action even though their muscles are capable of doing so

A

apraxia

76
Q

A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is a ___; a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS is a ___

A

nucleus; ganglion

77
Q

The ___ ___ is the strong horizontal fold of dura mater that is attached along the midline to the falx ceribri and separates the cerebellum from the basal suface of the occipital and temporal lobes.

A

tentorium cerebelli

78
Q

In general, what is the brainstem concerned with?

A

the vital (life sustaining) functions of the ANS

79
Q

Where are most of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei located?

A

brainstem

80
Q

The medulla oblongata contains nuclei that are reflex centres for regulation of:

A

heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting (emesis) and cardiovascular control

81
Q

The pons relays nerve impulses between the ___ and ___ and helps control ___ along with the ___

A

cortex; cerebellum; breathing; medulla

82
Q

The midbrain mediates ___ and ___ reflexes

A

auditory; visual (oculomotor)

83
Q

___ produced in the ___ ___ plays a role in motivation and movement for all animals from humans to insects

A

dopamine; substantia nigra

84
Q

The ___ ___ wraps around the brain stem and lies beneath the cerebral cortex. Its structures are also connected with other major structures such as the cortex and basal ganglia

A

limbic system

85
Q

This is the brain’s pleasure centre

A

nucleus accumbens

86
Q

The limbic system is tightly connected with the ___ ___.

A

prefrontal cortex

87
Q

The ___ is involved in controlling the ANS and endocrine systems and organized behaviours

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

The hypothalamus is situated below and in front of the thalamus and above the ___ ___

A

pituitary gland (hypohysis)

89
Q

The hypothalamus plays important role in integration of ___ and ___ systems. Its functions include control of:

A

enodocrine; nervous; hunger, thirst, body temperature and sexual arousal (it’s part of the limbic system/emotional brain)

90
Q

The ___ nucleus in the hypothalamus controls circadian rhythms via the ___ gland’s secretion of melatonin.

A

suprachiasmatic; pineal

91
Q

___ ___ ___ can occur when one is using a tool such as a stick, meaning the perceptual experience is transferred to the end of the tool

A

extended haptic proprioception

92
Q

Memory for facts and events is called:

A

declarative (aka explicit) memory

93
Q

The hindbrain consists of:

A

medulla, pons and cerebellum

94
Q

Pons nuclei deal primarily with:

A

sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation and posture

95
Q

The midbrain coordinates:

A

sensory information with basic movements

96
Q

The forebrain includes:

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum (the caudal/posterior part of the forebrain is the diencephalon)

97
Q

Albumin, leaked via damaged BBB, inappropriately activates ___ leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons and ___ ___.

A

astrocytes; epileptic seizures

98
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus is part of the limbic system

A

True

T2 Neurology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions