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1
Q

What are the most common US findings of abdominal carcinomatosis in cats? Monteiro 2004

A

free fluid 100%
masses connecting peritoneum 100%
masses in abd organs 70%
LN enlargement 35%

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2
Q

What is most common primary organ for abd carcinomatotis in cats? Monteiro 2004

A

liver>panc>SI

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3
Q

What is difference in outcome in dogs treated with intracavitary mito/carbo for carcinomatosis? Charney 2005

A

MST 25 d untx vs 11mn treated

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4
Q

What are new methods to more accurately calculate BSA in dogs? Borgatti

A

Use of CT imaging for modeling with whole body contouring with length and height vs using physical measurements

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5
Q

What neutrophil cut-off was recently evaluated for antibiotic prophylaxis (Bisson 2020)?

A

750 with abx given 8.8% vs 1k 15% vs 1.5k 25%

no diff btw groups and well tolerated cutoff

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6
Q

When should abx be discontinued with chemo induced neutropenia? Bisson 2018

A

3 days or when count > 1k

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7
Q

What is EZN-3042 and what diseases may it be useful for in dogs? Thamm 2016

A

survivin (IAP family protein) inhibitor

downregulation induced in canine LSA and OSA cell lines

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8
Q

what is length of time of urine residue for the following drugs: vincristine, vinblastine, cytoxan and doxorubicin? Knobloch 2010

A

vinc 3 days
vinblastine 7 days
cytoxan 24 hours
doxorubucin 21 days

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9
Q

T/F prednisone increases Pgp levels and MRP1 levels Mealey 2003

A

False

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10
Q

what is combrestastatin A4-phosphate? Abma 2018

A

vascular disrupting agent

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11
Q

what is prevalence of proteinuria in cancer bearing dogs? Prudic 2018

A

50% total with 15% overtly, 37% borderline

30% hypertensive

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12
Q

what is iniparib Saba 2016 Borgatti

A

PARP1 inhibitor

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13
Q

what heme SE can hydroxyurea cause in dogs? Conrado 2017

A

anemia & macrocytosis

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14
Q

What is KPT-335 and MTD? London 2014 Borgatti

A

Selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE)

MTD 1.75mg/kg PO twice weekly

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15
Q

What drug was detected as an environmental contaminant at 20 specialty hospitals? Alexander 2018

A

cytoxan at 4

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16
Q

what is weighted randomization used for? Page 2016

A

2:1 investigational drug: placebo if determine acceptable by formal stats (more subjects get drug)

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17
Q

What is the least useful endpoint evaluation in clinical trials? Page 2016

A

Survival time

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18
Q

What are 3 reasons to stop a trial? Habing 2011

A
  • neg stopping due to AE/sig worse outcome
  • Positive stopping if benefits sig better with trial drug
  • Futility stopping when results unlikely to change w/ continued trial
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19
Q

what are disadvantages of stopping rules? Habing 2011

A
  • interim analysis can create type 1 error (not w/ modern stats)
  • early stopping can lead to false negative results
  • may not answer all questions re benefits
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20
Q

What starting dose should be used in a phase 1 trial? Vail 2007

A

1/3 dose of no observable AE or 1/10 severe toxic dose in other species

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21
Q

With a standard 3+3 phase 1 design, how many patient in MTD? Vail 2007?

A

at least 6

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22
Q

what is a DLT defined as? Vail 2007

A

gr3 + AE except heme is g 4+

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23
Q

what is definition of MTD? Vail 2007

A

highest dose where no more than 1/6 had DLT (or one dose level below 2+ dogs w/ AE)

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24
Q

What is min number of patients recommended for phase 2 trial? What about if a response is noted? Vail 2007

A

9

increase to 31

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25
Q

What is a randomized discontinuation trial? Vail 2007

A

1st stage: all pt on drug

2nd stage: those w/ SD randomized to continue vs d/c

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26
Q

What is most common hemostatic disorder in canine cancer? Andreasen 2012

A

hypercoagulability

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27
Q

T/F telomere length is shorter in tumors and more variable vs normal samples Cadile 2007

A

False - mean the same (19kb) but tumors more variable

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28
Q

What features on CT are associated with malignancy with effusion present? Reetz 2018

A

older
nodular diaphgragmatic pleural thickening
costal pleural masses
pulmonary masses

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29
Q

what tumor type MC has pulmonary nodules noted on CT in dogs? Lamb 2019

A

HSA > OSA > carcinoma > HS > ST > adenocarcinoma

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30
Q

What is the purpose of lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced MRI for canine head/neck tumors? Griffin 2020

A

detects met dz in LN and was 100% sen and 88% spc compared to histo results

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31
Q

T/F Dye is better than microbubbles for SNL mapping in dogs Favril 2019

A

no both useful (17/18 infrared dye vs 18/18 microbubbles)

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32
Q

What features of sternal LN indicate metastatic disease more likely? Iwasaki 2018

A

size and precontrast attenuation

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33
Q

T/F two well defined margins with rightward shift of cardiac silhouette on CXR more likely indicate thymoma vs LSA in dogs Oura 2019

A

true - cats no features predictive

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34
Q

In MCT and STS, intraop use of a fluorescent agent detected cancer from normal tissue in what %? Dewitt 2016

A

92%

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35
Q

What % of pul nodules noted on CT are also detected on CXR? AArmbrust 2012

A

80%

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36
Q

22g needles result in more ____ and 25g needles result in ___. Both provide cellular/dx samples thought Arai 2018

A

blood

cellular debris and trauma

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37
Q

Which FNA method provides more diagnostic samples of the liver? Fleming 2019

A

non-aspiration 94% (higher cellularity/less hemodilution) vs aspiration 81%

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38
Q

How commonly are contralateral LN mets noted in oral melanoma/SCC? Grimes 2019

A

24% of those removed

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39
Q

what markers indicate mast cell on flow? Sulce 2018

A

CD18, CD45, CD44, CD117; IgE 82%, CD11b 68%

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40
Q

What is sen and spec for CT predicting retro/man LN mets? Skinner 2018

A

Sen 10-12% spec 91-96%

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41
Q

T/F - Inter and intra rater agreement is high for SQ mass margins Ranganthan 2018

A

False - poor

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42
Q

T/F Retropharyngeal mets ONLY occur if mandibular metastasis present Grimes 2019

A

false 3 of 13 only had retro mets

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43
Q

Of regional LN mets in head/neck tumors what % had ipsilateral and what % contralateral? Skinner 2016

A

92% ip and 62% contra

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44
Q

What 2 collection methods increase quantity of RNA from FSA and AGASACA? Bowlt 2017

A

small gauge needle and suction

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45
Q

What method had the highest sen and spec for regional node assessment of mets - PE, cyto, biopsy? Lagenbach 2001

A

cyto…interestingly

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46
Q

How commonly are second opinion histopath partially or complete different and results in altered tx/prognosis? Regan 2010 and Regan 2015

A

20%-30% partial
10% - 20% complete
17%-37% change pt plan

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47
Q

Where is most common location of intermuscular lipomas in the rear limb? Case 2012

A

80% between semimembranosus and semitendinosis

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48
Q

What is the recurrence rate of liposuction for lipomas in dogs? Hunt 2011

A

28%

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49
Q

What is ORR and MST for horses tx for LSA? Luethy 2018

A

93% ORR (33% CR)

MST 8mn

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50
Q

What is the most common lymphoma type in horses? Durham 2013

A

T cell rich B cell

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51
Q

What is dose of doxo and vincristine that cause toxicity in heterozygous MDR1-1 delta? Mealey 2006

A
  1. 5mg/m2 dox

0. 56mg/m2 vinc

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52
Q

What is rate of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in dogs w/ ABCB1 mutation vs wt? Mealey 2008

A

75% neutro vs 11%

62.5% thrombo vs 4%

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53
Q

An upregulation of MDR1 expression during LSA treaatment is associated with what? Gramer 2013

A

disease progression

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54
Q

What mutation is noted in ABCB1? Mealey 2008

A

4 BP deletion causing frameshift and premature stop codon

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55
Q

Does Pgp expression impact outcome for feline LSA? Brenn 2008

A

No

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56
Q

What type of LSA has higher MDR1 expression compared to multicentric in dogs? Culmsee 2004

A

GI

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57
Q

CSC are resistant to what treatment and exhibit lower levels of what type of DNA damage? Deguchi 2019

A

resistant against x-rays

lower DS DNA breaks

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58
Q

EpCAM is an adhesion molecular found most commonly in what cancer subtype and not in which subtypes? Thamm 2016

A

71% carcinomas expressed (expect adrenal carcinomas)

Not on any sarcomas or hematopoeitic tumors

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59
Q

what is Oct4 a marker of? Trosko 2009

A

stemness (on CSC)

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60
Q

What is mavacoxib? Hurst 2019

A

selective COX2 inhibitor, results in apoptosis and inhibited migration and effect independent of COX2 expression

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61
Q

T/F antitumor effects of NSAIDs are only due to inhibition of COX/PG pathway Yoshitake 2017

A

No- likely independent mechanisms as well

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62
Q

What tumor types have known overexpression of COX? Dore 2011

A
  • Canine mammary (higher-worse prognosis)
  • Canine prostatic carcinoma (7m w/ NSAID vs 0.7mn Sorenmo)
  • TCC
  • SCC (18%PR in dogs)
  • GI carcinomas (small amounts)
  • Also reported in MM, meningioma, nasal tumors, RCC, ovarian carcinoma, OSA
63
Q

What tumor types are negative for COX2 expression? Dore 2011

A

LSA, MCT, HSA, HS, oral FSA

64
Q

What equine tumors are positive and negative for COX2 expression? Dore 2011

A

+/- SCC, some melanoma +

sarcoids negative

65
Q

What 4 main processes are increased with COX2 expression?

A

cell proliferataion
angiogensis
immune suppression
invasion

66
Q

VEGF is detected in how many healthy and tumor bearing dogs? Troy 2006

A

7% healthy; 44% tumors

67
Q

T/F - endostatin levels increase with age Troy 2006

A

true

68
Q

What tumor types express EGFR? Bergkvist 2010

A

Mammary, brain, HCC, lung, nasal

69
Q

Non-B, Non-T NK lymphocytes have what possible immune function? Kim 2019

A

ADCC and could combine with mAb with cytokines or ACT for immunotherapy

70
Q

What tumors types have higher numbers of Tregs and few numbers? Sakai 2018

A

high: OMM, OSCC, pul adeno, mammary carcinoma
low: MCT and HCC

71
Q

higher levels of Tregs are associated with a longer or shorter ST? Sakai 2018

A

shorter (in OMM, OSCC, pul adeno)

72
Q

What % of dogs develop augmented IgG responses to autologous tumor antigens when vaccinated? Yannelli 2016

A

85% (overall safe)

73
Q

What glucose transporter is increased in hypoxia? Fortuna 2016

A

GLUT1

74
Q

What immune cell is found to be upregulated in hypoxia along with GLUT1? Fortuna 2016

A

Treg

75
Q

What is impact on Treg and IFN gamma with palladia and then cytoxan? Mitchell 2012

A

Tregs #/ % reduced w/ palladia, but no further with cytoxan addition
Increased IFN gamma after 6 weeks

76
Q

What substances expand Tregs in vitro? Biller 2007

A

TCR activation, TGFbeta, IL 2

77
Q

The JAK-STAT pathway is activated/detected in canine HSA, MCT, TC, and AGASACA. pSTAT3 correlates with mets in which and JAK1 increase may impact survival in which? Cletzer 2020

A

MCT

MCT or HSA

78
Q

T/F serum Ki67 levels are detectable in healthy dogs and are increased to the same degree in high and low grade malignancy. Neumann 2017

A
  • Undetectable in healthy

- Degree of malignancy = higher expression

79
Q

TK1 is increased in cancer patients, which tumors types is it highest? Selting 2016

A

LSA and HS

80
Q

what is the incidence of chromosome aberrations in cows infected (+/- symptoms) with papilloma virus vs controls? Melo 2011

A

40%

4%

81
Q

What is Serp2? Urbasic 2012

A

anti-apoptotic virulence factor, myxoma viruses that lack this lead to more apoptosis

82
Q

What are three important signaling pathways for EMT?

A
  • Wnt/B catenin (upregulate snail)
  • FGF
  • TGFb1/BMP - downstream effector of NFkb
83
Q

What are the steps of cell migration?

A

invasion
intravasation
extravasation
metastatic colonization

84
Q

What genetic and epigenetic changes lead to p16 aberrations in feline cancers? Mochizuki 2017

A

germline sequence polymorphisms and promoter methylation noted

85
Q

Protein kinase CK2 is down or upregulated in malignant cells? Trembley 2017

A

upregulated

86
Q

what is combrestastatin A4 phosphate? Abma 2018

A

anti-tumor vascular targeting agent that selective blocks tumor blood flow

87
Q

What may lead to tumor vascular selectivity of combrestatin A4? Izumi 2017

A

vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin dysfunction in tumor endothelial cells

88
Q

What factors are poor prognostic indicators with myeloid meoplasmas? Juopperi 2011

A

high blast %, multiple cytopenia, marked morphologic atypia

89
Q

what is the most common pediatric tumor? Schmidt 2010

A

histiocytoma (89%)

90
Q

what his most common diagnosis of metastatic cancer of unknown origin, what is MST and how often is primary tumor found? Rossi 2015

A

57% carcinoma
MST 1mn
5% primary site found

91
Q

What tissues are affected in MEN1?

A

pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid

92
Q

What tissues are affected in MEN2a?

A

medullary thyroid cancer, parathyroid, pheo

93
Q

what tissue are affected in MEN2b?

A

medullary thyroid cancer, pheo and neuroma

94
Q

What MEN can zollinger-ellison syndrome be associated with?

A

Type 1

95
Q

What is the reported rate of multiple malignancies and what tumor types commonly have multiple cancers? Rebhun 2010

A

3%

MCT, OMM, thyroid carcinoma

96
Q

what is overexpressed in giant cell tumor of bone in feline and human samples? Leonardi 2013

A

MMP and uPA

97
Q

Difference in miRNA is found in horses with regressive and progressive sarcoids - which Chr are most found? Unger 2019

A

Chr. 24

98
Q

what is the most common testicular tumor in rabbits? Reineking 2019

A

granular cell (63%)

99
Q

what is the MST for birds with SCC with complete vs incomplete excision? Zehnder 2018

A

complete 628 d

incomplete 171 d

100
Q

what is the most common uterine disorder in rabbits? Bertram 2018

A

tumors - adenocarcinoma MC with 46% met rate

101
Q

What’s the most common cause of splenic lesions in hamsters? Tuan 2018

A

10 tumors vs 15 non-tumor (fibrotic nodules)

102
Q

Clouded leopards have a high incidence of what tumor type? Corner 2017

A

pheochromocytomas

103
Q

what is the most common skin tumors in rabbits? Kok 2017

A

trichoblastoma

104
Q

Are malignant or benign changes MC in cervix/uterus of guinea pigs? Laik-Schandelmaier 2017

A

benign

105
Q

T/F Kit expression is not found in cutaneous MCT in ferrets Vilata 2016

A

False - it is but not found to be prognostic

106
Q

In Italian study - what was the MC type of cancer in ferrets? Avallone 2016

A

endocrine (with adrenal MC) with lower LSA and islet cell vs extra-european studies

107
Q

What virus is associated with equine sarcoids?

A

bovine papillomavirus

108
Q

*Exposure to what substance is associated with annular stenotic esophageal SCC in cattle? Faccin 2017

A

braken fern

109
Q

What is MTD of carbo and dox in tasmanian devils and is is efficacious for facial tumor disease? Phalen 2015

A

carbo 20mg/kg
dox 1mg/kg
No response

110
Q

How commonly are carotid body tumors invasive on imaging? Mai 2015

A

9/16 (56%)

111
Q

What is MC malignancy associated cause of hypercalcemia in cats?

A

LSA and SCC (other MM, bronchocarcinoma, OSA, FSA)

112
Q

what are tx options for HO? Liptak 2004

A

Sx (remission 50-294d)
sectioning vagal or intercostaal nerves
chemo/palliative care for underlying neoplasia (OSA vs pulmonary vs renal)

113
Q

Overall with cats with neoplasia what is MST if BCS < 5 vs >/= to 5? Baez 2007

A

3mn vs 17mn

114
Q

Extracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A auto Ab and C reactive protein may be useful in what capacity in dogs? Ryu 2018

A

both sig higher in dogs w/ malignant cancer so may act as biomarker for broad spectrum cancer

115
Q

What breed of dogs has reduced glutathione S transferase (GSTT1) and what may it lead to? Craft 2018

A

Goldens and may impair carcinogen detoxification

116
Q

T/F - there is an association between second hand smoke and primary pulmonary cancer in dogs Zierenberg-Ripoll 2017

A

False - not like in people

117
Q

Relative risk of cancer increases with (increasing or decreasing) Vit D concentrations? Selting 2016

A

decreasing

118
Q

What does VitD concentrations do in response to increased ionized calcium in dogs with cancer vs normal dogs? Weidner 2017

A

increases (normal dogs it decreases)

119
Q

What cancers are Vizslas at increased risk for when neutered? Zink 2014

A

MCT, LSA and all cancers

120
Q

What is the MST, complication rate and recurrence rate following rostral nasal reconstruction for nasal planum cancer in dogs? Dickerson 2019

A

MST 1542 d
73% complications (35% needed revision sx)
8% recurrence

121
Q

Is bilateral lateral or ventral cervical approach preferred for mandi/retro LN removal? Wainberg 2018

A

ventral cervical (both same time)

122
Q

MRI apparent diffusion coefficients may be able to differentiate what? Stahle 2018

A

benign and met LN

123
Q

How long does it take for draining LN to be detected with CT lymphangiography? Rossi 2017

A

1-3min

124
Q

What can delay SNL lymphangiography in head/neck? Grimes 2017

A

compression of lymphatic vessels

125
Q

Harder LN, as evaluated by elastography, are more likely what? Seiler 2017

A

malignant (76%)

126
Q

What is sen/spec of elastography for lipomatous vs malignant SQ masses in dogs?

A

100% spec and 89% sen (score 100% sen and 61% spec)

127
Q

What is diff in outcome for dogs who undergo amputation after a LSS? Wustefeld-Janssens 2019

A

DSS 604 d with amputation vs 385 d w/o

128
Q

What are benefits to a lateral manus translation limb spare for distal radial OSA? Seguin 2018

A

no allograft, endoprosthesis or autograft MST 370 d with DFI 219 d

129
Q

Is a cortical bone graft or endoprosthesis better at resisting failure in axial compression? Liptak 2006

A

endoprosthesis

130
Q

What is MST after repair of sarcoma related path fractures? Boston 2011

A

MST 166d from fx repair; With adjuvant therapy MST 394d vs 110 days w/o
note 4/16 dogs had good limb use after

131
Q

What is MC complication of digit amputations and are they more in fore or hindlimb? Kaufman 2013

A

dehiscence

higher short term in hindlimb

132
Q

what is % long term lameness and are certain digits higher risk for complications? Kaufman 2013

A

25% and no digits worse

133
Q

What are recommendations for video assisted cranial mediastinal mass removal? Maclver 2017

A

<300cm3 and non invasive

134
Q

How successful is video assisted thoracoscopic TB LN removal and what are main complications? Steffy 2015

A

7/8; mild-moder hemorrhage, inability to locate and difficult w/ ventilation

135
Q

What are most common complications with pleuraports? Brooks 2011

A

4/10 cases with pneumothorax and port obstruction

136
Q

What is outcome for rib OSA vs CSA? Liptak 2008

A 
OSA MST 290 d
CSA NR (mean 1300 d)
137
Q

What tumor type has shortest MST w/ hemiplevectomy? Bray 2014

A

HSA (6m) vs CSA 1200 das vs OSA 533d vs STS 373 d

138
Q

What is recurrence rate of low grade MCT and STS with tumor free margins <1mm followed for 2 years? Milovancev 2020

A

4% low grade MCT and no STS
6% MCT developed visceral mets
1 high grade tumor (only 2 total) recurred

139
Q

Is positive margin detection different with method (imprint cytology, shaved margin) for MCT and STS? Milovancev 2017

A

Yes for MCT but not for STS

140
Q

What is max margin length reduction with MCT and STS w/ processing? Milovancev 2018

A
  1. 6mm MCT

24. 2mm STS

141
Q

What is MST w/ sx for retroperitoneal sarcomas and what is MC tumor?

A

MST 37 d - HSA MC

mets 10/14

142
Q

What can improve PDT therapy and ALA for equine sarcoids? Golding 2017

A

glycolysis inhibitor lonidamine

143
Q

What does papillomavirus cause in dogs? Munday 2017

A

oral papillomatosis, cutaneous papillomas, canine viral pigmented plaques (rarely associated with SCC)

144
Q

What does papillomavirus cause in cats? Munday 2017

A

oral papillomas, feline viral plaques, bowenoid in situ carcinomas, feline sarcoids +/- cutaneous SCC and basal cell carcinomas

145
Q

what causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinomas?

A

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

146
Q

What are the three subtypes of FelV?

A

A - minimally pathogenic
B: associated with LSA, leukemia and anemia
C: pure red cell aplasia

147
Q

what are three outcomes of bovine leukemia virus?

A
  • persistent w/o signs (MC)
  • persistent lymphocytosis 30%
  • <5% LSA
148
Q

what cells harbor the bovine leukemia virus?

A

B lymphocytes

149
Q

is bovine leukemia virus found in the bull semen?

A

no (rarely smegma…gross)

150
Q

where does popliteal lymphatic area drain to? Mayer 2018

A

all to ipsilaaterala MILN with medial thigh lymphatics (but 25% also to internal iliac or sarcal LN vs lateral/gluteal

151
Q

How often is LN cytology non diagnostic for malignant solid tumors? Fournier 2018

A

25%

152
Q

What two malignant solid tumors types have lowest sensitivity for LN cytology?

A

sarcomas (67%); melanoma 63%

MCT 75%, carcinoma and round cell 100%

153
Q

Malignant tissues vs benign tissue have what feature on sonoelastography? Belotta 2019

A

stiffer elasticity

Oncology Boards (4 decks)

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