Random sections Flashcards
What are the most common US findings of abdominal carcinomatosis in cats? Monteiro 2004
free fluid 100%
masses connecting peritoneum 100%
masses in abd organs 70%
LN enlargement 35%
What is most common primary organ for abd carcinomatotis in cats? Monteiro 2004
liver>panc>SI
What is difference in outcome in dogs treated with intracavitary mito/carbo for carcinomatosis? Charney 2005
MST 25 d untx vs 11mn treated
What are new methods to more accurately calculate BSA in dogs? Borgatti
Use of CT imaging for modeling with whole body contouring with length and height vs using physical measurements
What neutrophil cut-off was recently evaluated for antibiotic prophylaxis (Bisson 2020)?
750 with abx given 8.8% vs 1k 15% vs 1.5k 25%
no diff btw groups and well tolerated cutoff
When should abx be discontinued with chemo induced neutropenia? Bisson 2018
3 days or when count > 1k
What is EZN-3042 and what diseases may it be useful for in dogs? Thamm 2016
survivin (IAP family protein) inhibitor
downregulation induced in canine LSA and OSA cell lines
what is length of time of urine residue for the following drugs: vincristine, vinblastine, cytoxan and doxorubicin? Knobloch 2010
vinc 3 days
vinblastine 7 days
cytoxan 24 hours
doxorubucin 21 days
T/F prednisone increases Pgp levels and MRP1 levels Mealey 2003
False
what is combrestastatin A4-phosphate? Abma 2018
vascular disrupting agent
what is prevalence of proteinuria in cancer bearing dogs? Prudic 2018
50% total with 15% overtly, 37% borderline
30% hypertensive
what is iniparib Saba 2016 Borgatti
PARP1 inhibitor
what heme SE can hydroxyurea cause in dogs? Conrado 2017
anemia & macrocytosis
What is KPT-335 and MTD? London 2014 Borgatti
Selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE)
MTD 1.75mg/kg PO twice weekly
What drug was detected as an environmental contaminant at 20 specialty hospitals? Alexander 2018
cytoxan at 4
what is weighted randomization used for? Page 2016
2:1 investigational drug: placebo if determine acceptable by formal stats (more subjects get drug)
What is the least useful endpoint evaluation in clinical trials? Page 2016
Survival time
What are 3 reasons to stop a trial? Habing 2011
- neg stopping due to AE/sig worse outcome
- Positive stopping if benefits sig better with trial drug
- Futility stopping when results unlikely to change w/ continued trial
what are disadvantages of stopping rules? Habing 2011
- interim analysis can create type 1 error (not w/ modern stats)
- early stopping can lead to false negative results
- may not answer all questions re benefits
What starting dose should be used in a phase 1 trial? Vail 2007
1/3 dose of no observable AE or 1/10 severe toxic dose in other species
With a standard 3+3 phase 1 design, how many patient in MTD? Vail 2007?
at least 6
what is a DLT defined as? Vail 2007
gr3 + AE except heme is g 4+
what is definition of MTD? Vail 2007
highest dose where no more than 1/6 had DLT (or one dose level below 2+ dogs w/ AE)
What is min number of patients recommended for phase 2 trial? What about if a response is noted? Vail 2007
9
increase to 31
What is a randomized discontinuation trial? Vail 2007
1st stage: all pt on drug
2nd stage: those w/ SD randomized to continue vs d/c
What is most common hemostatic disorder in canine cancer? Andreasen 2012
hypercoagulability
T/F telomere length is shorter in tumors and more variable vs normal samples Cadile 2007
False - mean the same (19kb) but tumors more variable
What features on CT are associated with malignancy with effusion present? Reetz 2018
older
nodular diaphgragmatic pleural thickening
costal pleural masses
pulmonary masses
what tumor type MC has pulmonary nodules noted on CT in dogs? Lamb 2019
HSA > OSA > carcinoma > HS > ST > adenocarcinoma
What is the purpose of lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced MRI for canine head/neck tumors? Griffin 2020
detects met dz in LN and was 100% sen and 88% spc compared to histo results
T/F Dye is better than microbubbles for SNL mapping in dogs Favril 2019
no both useful (17/18 infrared dye vs 18/18 microbubbles)
What features of sternal LN indicate metastatic disease more likely? Iwasaki 2018
size and precontrast attenuation
T/F two well defined margins with rightward shift of cardiac silhouette on CXR more likely indicate thymoma vs LSA in dogs Oura 2019
true - cats no features predictive
In MCT and STS, intraop use of a fluorescent agent detected cancer from normal tissue in what %? Dewitt 2016
92%
What % of pul nodules noted on CT are also detected on CXR? AArmbrust 2012
80%
22g needles result in more ____ and 25g needles result in ___. Both provide cellular/dx samples thought Arai 2018
blood
cellular debris and trauma
Which FNA method provides more diagnostic samples of the liver? Fleming 2019
non-aspiration 94% (higher cellularity/less hemodilution) vs aspiration 81%
How commonly are contralateral LN mets noted in oral melanoma/SCC? Grimes 2019
24% of those removed
what markers indicate mast cell on flow? Sulce 2018
CD18, CD45, CD44, CD117; IgE 82%, CD11b 68%
What is sen and spec for CT predicting retro/man LN mets? Skinner 2018
Sen 10-12% spec 91-96%
T/F - Inter and intra rater agreement is high for SQ mass margins Ranganthan 2018
False - poor
T/F Retropharyngeal mets ONLY occur if mandibular metastasis present Grimes 2019
false 3 of 13 only had retro mets
Of regional LN mets in head/neck tumors what % had ipsilateral and what % contralateral? Skinner 2016
92% ip and 62% contra
What 2 collection methods increase quantity of RNA from FSA and AGASACA? Bowlt 2017
small gauge needle and suction
What method had the highest sen and spec for regional node assessment of mets - PE, cyto, biopsy? Lagenbach 2001
cyto…interestingly
How commonly are second opinion histopath partially or complete different and results in altered tx/prognosis? Regan 2010 and Regan 2015
20%-30% partial
10% - 20% complete
17%-37% change pt plan
Where is most common location of intermuscular lipomas in the rear limb? Case 2012
80% between semimembranosus and semitendinosis
What is the recurrence rate of liposuction for lipomas in dogs? Hunt 2011
28%
What is ORR and MST for horses tx for LSA? Luethy 2018
93% ORR (33% CR)
MST 8mn
What is the most common lymphoma type in horses? Durham 2013
T cell rich B cell
What is dose of doxo and vincristine that cause toxicity in heterozygous MDR1-1 delta? Mealey 2006
- 5mg/m2 dox
0. 56mg/m2 vinc
What is rate of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in dogs w/ ABCB1 mutation vs wt? Mealey 2008
75% neutro vs 11%
62.5% thrombo vs 4%
An upregulation of MDR1 expression during LSA treaatment is associated with what? Gramer 2013
disease progression
What mutation is noted in ABCB1? Mealey 2008
4 BP deletion causing frameshift and premature stop codon
Does Pgp expression impact outcome for feline LSA? Brenn 2008
No
What type of LSA has higher MDR1 expression compared to multicentric in dogs? Culmsee 2004
GI
CSC are resistant to what treatment and exhibit lower levels of what type of DNA damage? Deguchi 2019
resistant against x-rays
lower DS DNA breaks
EpCAM is an adhesion molecular found most commonly in what cancer subtype and not in which subtypes? Thamm 2016
71% carcinomas expressed (expect adrenal carcinomas)
Not on any sarcomas or hematopoeitic tumors
what is Oct4 a marker of? Trosko 2009
stemness (on CSC)
What is mavacoxib? Hurst 2019
selective COX2 inhibitor, results in apoptosis and inhibited migration and effect independent of COX2 expression
T/F antitumor effects of NSAIDs are only due to inhibition of COX/PG pathway Yoshitake 2017
No- likely independent mechanisms as well
What tumor types have known overexpression of COX? Dore 2011
- Canine mammary (higher-worse prognosis)
- Canine prostatic carcinoma (7m w/ NSAID vs 0.7mn Sorenmo)
- TCC
- SCC (18%PR in dogs)
- GI carcinomas (small amounts)
- Also reported in MM, meningioma, nasal tumors, RCC, ovarian carcinoma, OSA
What tumor types are negative for COX2 expression? Dore 2011
LSA, MCT, HSA, HS, oral FSA
What equine tumors are positive and negative for COX2 expression? Dore 2011
+/- SCC, some melanoma +
sarcoids negative
What 4 main processes are increased with COX2 expression?
cell proliferataion
angiogensis
immune suppression
invasion
VEGF is detected in how many healthy and tumor bearing dogs? Troy 2006
7% healthy; 44% tumors
T/F - endostatin levels increase with age Troy 2006
true
What tumor types express EGFR? Bergkvist 2010
Mammary, brain, HCC, lung, nasal
Non-B, Non-T NK lymphocytes have what possible immune function? Kim 2019
ADCC and could combine with mAb with cytokines or ACT for immunotherapy
What tumors types have higher numbers of Tregs and few numbers? Sakai 2018
high: OMM, OSCC, pul adeno, mammary carcinoma
low: MCT and HCC
higher levels of Tregs are associated with a longer or shorter ST? Sakai 2018
shorter (in OMM, OSCC, pul adeno)
What % of dogs develop augmented IgG responses to autologous tumor antigens when vaccinated? Yannelli 2016
85% (overall safe)
What glucose transporter is increased in hypoxia? Fortuna 2016
GLUT1
What immune cell is found to be upregulated in hypoxia along with GLUT1? Fortuna 2016
Treg
What is impact on Treg and IFN gamma with palladia and then cytoxan? Mitchell 2012
Tregs #/ % reduced w/ palladia, but no further with cytoxan addition
Increased IFN gamma after 6 weeks
What substances expand Tregs in vitro? Biller 2007
TCR activation, TGFbeta, IL 2
The JAK-STAT pathway is activated/detected in canine HSA, MCT, TC, and AGASACA. pSTAT3 correlates with mets in which and JAK1 increase may impact survival in which? Cletzer 2020
MCT
MCT or HSA
T/F serum Ki67 levels are detectable in healthy dogs and are increased to the same degree in high and low grade malignancy. Neumann 2017
- Undetectable in healthy
- Degree of malignancy = higher expression
TK1 is increased in cancer patients, which tumors types is it highest? Selting 2016
LSA and HS
what is the incidence of chromosome aberrations in cows infected (+/- symptoms) with papilloma virus vs controls? Melo 2011
40%
4%
What is Serp2? Urbasic 2012
anti-apoptotic virulence factor, myxoma viruses that lack this lead to more apoptosis
What are three important signaling pathways for EMT?
- Wnt/B catenin (upregulate snail)
- FGF
- TGFb1/BMP - downstream effector of NFkb
What are the steps of cell migration?
invasion
intravasation
extravasation
metastatic colonization
What genetic and epigenetic changes lead to p16 aberrations in feline cancers? Mochizuki 2017
germline sequence polymorphisms and promoter methylation noted
Protein kinase CK2 is down or upregulated in malignant cells? Trembley 2017
upregulated
what is combrestastatin A4 phosphate? Abma 2018
anti-tumor vascular targeting agent that selective blocks tumor blood flow
What may lead to tumor vascular selectivity of combrestatin A4? Izumi 2017
vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin dysfunction in tumor endothelial cells
What factors are poor prognostic indicators with myeloid meoplasmas? Juopperi 2011
high blast %, multiple cytopenia, marked morphologic atypia
what is the most common pediatric tumor? Schmidt 2010
histiocytoma (89%)
what his most common diagnosis of metastatic cancer of unknown origin, what is MST and how often is primary tumor found? Rossi 2015
57% carcinoma
MST 1mn
5% primary site found
What tissues are affected in MEN1?
pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid
What tissues are affected in MEN2a?
medullary thyroid cancer, parathyroid, pheo
what tissue are affected in MEN2b?
medullary thyroid cancer, pheo and neuroma
What MEN can zollinger-ellison syndrome be associated with?
Type 1
What is the reported rate of multiple malignancies and what tumor types commonly have multiple cancers? Rebhun 2010
3%
MCT, OMM, thyroid carcinoma
what is overexpressed in giant cell tumor of bone in feline and human samples? Leonardi 2013
MMP and uPA
Difference in miRNA is found in horses with regressive and progressive sarcoids - which Chr are most found? Unger 2019
Chr. 24
what is the most common testicular tumor in rabbits? Reineking 2019
granular cell (63%)
what is the MST for birds with SCC with complete vs incomplete excision? Zehnder 2018
complete 628 d
incomplete 171 d
what is the most common uterine disorder in rabbits? Bertram 2018
tumors - adenocarcinoma MC with 46% met rate
What’s the most common cause of splenic lesions in hamsters? Tuan 2018
10 tumors vs 15 non-tumor (fibrotic nodules)
Clouded leopards have a high incidence of what tumor type? Corner 2017
pheochromocytomas
what is the most common skin tumors in rabbits? Kok 2017
trichoblastoma
Are malignant or benign changes MC in cervix/uterus of guinea pigs? Laik-Schandelmaier 2017
benign
T/F Kit expression is not found in cutaneous MCT in ferrets Vilata 2016
False - it is but not found to be prognostic
In Italian study - what was the MC type of cancer in ferrets? Avallone 2016
endocrine (with adrenal MC) with lower LSA and islet cell vs extra-european studies
What virus is associated with equine sarcoids?
bovine papillomavirus
*Exposure to what substance is associated with annular stenotic esophageal SCC in cattle? Faccin 2017
braken fern
What is MTD of carbo and dox in tasmanian devils and is is efficacious for facial tumor disease? Phalen 2015
carbo 20mg/kg
dox 1mg/kg
No response
How commonly are carotid body tumors invasive on imaging? Mai 2015
9/16 (56%)
What is MC malignancy associated cause of hypercalcemia in cats?
LSA and SCC (other MM, bronchocarcinoma, OSA, FSA)
what are tx options for HO? Liptak 2004
Sx (remission 50-294d)
sectioning vagal or intercostaal nerves
chemo/palliative care for underlying neoplasia (OSA vs pulmonary vs renal)
Overall with cats with neoplasia what is MST if BCS < 5 vs >/= to 5? Baez 2007
3mn vs 17mn
Extracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A auto Ab and C reactive protein may be useful in what capacity in dogs? Ryu 2018
both sig higher in dogs w/ malignant cancer so may act as biomarker for broad spectrum cancer
What breed of dogs has reduced glutathione S transferase (GSTT1) and what may it lead to? Craft 2018
Goldens and may impair carcinogen detoxification
T/F - there is an association between second hand smoke and primary pulmonary cancer in dogs Zierenberg-Ripoll 2017
False - not like in people
Relative risk of cancer increases with (increasing or decreasing) Vit D concentrations? Selting 2016
decreasing
What does VitD concentrations do in response to increased ionized calcium in dogs with cancer vs normal dogs? Weidner 2017
increases (normal dogs it decreases)
What cancers are Vizslas at increased risk for when neutered? Zink 2014
MCT, LSA and all cancers
What is the MST, complication rate and recurrence rate following rostral nasal reconstruction for nasal planum cancer in dogs? Dickerson 2019
MST 1542 d
73% complications (35% needed revision sx)
8% recurrence
Is bilateral lateral or ventral cervical approach preferred for mandi/retro LN removal? Wainberg 2018
ventral cervical (both same time)
MRI apparent diffusion coefficients may be able to differentiate what? Stahle 2018
benign and met LN
How long does it take for draining LN to be detected with CT lymphangiography? Rossi 2017
1-3min
What can delay SNL lymphangiography in head/neck? Grimes 2017
compression of lymphatic vessels
Harder LN, as evaluated by elastography, are more likely what? Seiler 2017
malignant (76%)
What is sen/spec of elastography for lipomatous vs malignant SQ masses in dogs?
100% spec and 89% sen (score 100% sen and 61% spec)
What is diff in outcome for dogs who undergo amputation after a LSS? Wustefeld-Janssens 2019
DSS 604 d with amputation vs 385 d w/o
What are benefits to a lateral manus translation limb spare for distal radial OSA? Seguin 2018
no allograft, endoprosthesis or autograft MST 370 d with DFI 219 d
Is a cortical bone graft or endoprosthesis better at resisting failure in axial compression? Liptak 2006
endoprosthesis
What is MST after repair of sarcoma related path fractures? Boston 2011
MST 166d from fx repair; With adjuvant therapy MST 394d vs 110 days w/o
note 4/16 dogs had good limb use after
What is MC complication of digit amputations and are they more in fore or hindlimb? Kaufman 2013
dehiscence
higher short term in hindlimb
what is % long term lameness and are certain digits higher risk for complications? Kaufman 2013
25% and no digits worse
What are recommendations for video assisted cranial mediastinal mass removal? Maclver 2017
<300cm3 and non invasive
How successful is video assisted thoracoscopic TB LN removal and what are main complications? Steffy 2015
7/8; mild-moder hemorrhage, inability to locate and difficult w/ ventilation
What are most common complications with pleuraports? Brooks 2011
4/10 cases with pneumothorax and port obstruction
What is outcome for rib OSA vs CSA? Liptak 2008
OSA MST 290 d CSA NR (mean 1300 d)
What tumor type has shortest MST w/ hemiplevectomy? Bray 2014
HSA (6m) vs CSA 1200 das vs OSA 533d vs STS 373 d
What is recurrence rate of low grade MCT and STS with tumor free margins <1mm followed for 2 years? Milovancev 2020
4% low grade MCT and no STS
6% MCT developed visceral mets
1 high grade tumor (only 2 total) recurred
Is positive margin detection different with method (imprint cytology, shaved margin) for MCT and STS? Milovancev 2017
Yes for MCT but not for STS
What is max margin length reduction with MCT and STS w/ processing? Milovancev 2018
- 6mm MCT
24. 2mm STS
What is MST w/ sx for retroperitoneal sarcomas and what is MC tumor?
MST 37 d - HSA MC
mets 10/14
What can improve PDT therapy and ALA for equine sarcoids? Golding 2017
glycolysis inhibitor lonidamine
What does papillomavirus cause in dogs? Munday 2017
oral papillomatosis, cutaneous papillomas, canine viral pigmented plaques (rarely associated with SCC)
What does papillomavirus cause in cats? Munday 2017
oral papillomas, feline viral plaques, bowenoid in situ carcinomas, feline sarcoids +/- cutaneous SCC and basal cell carcinomas
what causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinomas?
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
What are the three subtypes of FelV?
A - minimally pathogenic
B: associated with LSA, leukemia and anemia
C: pure red cell aplasia
what are three outcomes of bovine leukemia virus?
- persistent w/o signs (MC)
- persistent lymphocytosis 30%
- <5% LSA
what cells harbor the bovine leukemia virus?
B lymphocytes
is bovine leukemia virus found in the bull semen?
no (rarely smegma…gross)
where does popliteal lymphatic area drain to? Mayer 2018
all to ipsilaaterala MILN with medial thigh lymphatics (but 25% also to internal iliac or sarcal LN vs lateral/gluteal
How often is LN cytology non diagnostic for malignant solid tumors? Fournier 2018
25%
What two malignant solid tumors types have lowest sensitivity for LN cytology?
sarcomas (67%); melanoma 63%
MCT 75%, carcinoma and round cell 100%
Malignant tissues vs benign tissue have what feature on sonoelastography? Belotta 2019
stiffer elasticity
