Random path

Question 1

CCl4

Answer 1

converted to ccl3 by p450 system; results in cell injury w/ swelling of RER; ribosomes detach, fuck up protein synthesis; decreased apolipoproteins = fatty changes in liver

Question 2

clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis

Answer 2

nephrotic syndrome
restrictive cardiomyopathy or arrhythmia
tongue enlargement, malabsorption, and hepatosplenomegaly

Question 3

dialysis associated amyloidosis

Answer 3

b2- microglobulin deposits in joints

Question 4

what does LTB4 do

Answer 4

attracts and activates neutrophils

Question 5

what do LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 do

Answer 5

vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability

Question 6

kinin system

Answer 6

activated by XII; cleaves HMWK to bradykinin –> mediates vasodilation and increased vascular permability and pain

Question 7

B7 on APC binds to what, providing the second activation signal for the activation of T cells

Answer 7

CD28 on CD4 helper T cells

Question 8

antinuclear antibody

Answer 8

sensitive to lupus

Question 9

antidsdNA

Answer 9

highly specific to lupus

Question 10

antihistone

Answer 10

drug-induced SLE

Question 11

anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant

Answer 11

most common antibodies; FP syphilis test anf falsely elevated PTT

Question 12

sjogren syndrome

Answer 12

type IV hypersensitivity; ANA and anti-SS A/ Ro and anti SS-B/La

Question 13

zinc (wound healing)

Answer 13

cofactor of collagenase; replaces type III collagen of granulation tissue with a strong type 1 collagen

Question 14

carcinomas that spread hematogenously

Answer 14

RCC (renal vein)
HCC (hepatic vein)
follicular carcinoma of thyroid
choriocarcinoma

Question 15

causes of renal artery stenosis

Answer 15

atherosclerosis (old males) 
fibromuscular dysplasia (young females)

Question 16

atherosclerosis

Answer 16

consists of necrotic lipid core (mostly cholesterol) w/ fibromuscular cap; often undergoes dystrophic calcifications

Question 17

hyaline arteriolosclerosis

Answer 17

proteins leaking into the vessel producing vascular thickening; proteins are seen as pink hyaline on microscopy

Question 18

MCC of death in aortic dissection

Answer 18

pericardial tamponade

Question 19

how can you tell if aortic stenosis is a result of chronic rheumatic fever?

Answer 19

coexisting mitral stenosis, fusion of aortic valve commissures

Question 20

complications of aortic stenosis

Answer 20

concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
angina and syncope w/ exercise (decreased perfusion of myocardium and brain shit)
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (RBCs are damaged while crossing calcified value )

Question 21

complications of aortic regurg

Answer 21

LV dilation and eccentric hypertrophy (volume overload)
pulse pressure increased: diastolic pressure decreased due to regurg, while systolic pressure increases due to increased SV

Question 22

TOF is caused by

Answer 22

anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum

Question 23

Transposition of great vessels is caused by

Answer 23

failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral

Question 24

what is the problem with the cystic fibrosis

Answer 24

phenyalanine isn’t coded, when CFTR gets to the golgi apparatus –> it is supposed to be modified and secreted to the cell surface, but instead gets degraded in the cell; golgi fucked up

Question 25

talk about lungs and cystic fibrosis

Answer 25

Na is being reabsorbed out of the fucking secretions shit and then chloride cant be pumped into the lumen of the airway so then get thick secretions and this same thing happens in the pancreas

Question 26

history of acute pancreatitis then after a mass in the abdomen after 10 days

Answer 26

pseudocyst –> lot of fluid accumulation around an inflamed pancreas and forms a false capsule and has a potential to rupture

Question 27

RUQ w/ dystrophic calcification

Answer 27

chronic pancreatitis; can see chains of lake pattern due to dilatation of pancreatic ducts

Question 28

acute pancreatitis w. inflammation; what will this do to peristalsis of duodenum next to it?

Answer 28

stop peristalsis, there will be air in that area –> localized ileus

Question 29

what two effects do OCPs and anabolic steroids have in common

Answer 29

produce benign intrahepatic cholestatis and liver cell adenoma which is susceptible to rupture

Question 30

hypoxemia: low PaO2 high altitude

Answer 30

decreased PaO2 and decreased SaO2 increased PACO2

Question 31

hypoventilation

Answer 31

increased PACo2 and decreased PA02 (Co2 piles up in the lungs)