random facts Flashcards
what did the Gracchi brothers do
extended the power of the tribunate
it was quashed by sulla
what qualities did Cicero place importance on
duty, libertas, dignitas and traditional moral
was cicero in favour of a democracy
no. He thought that the general populace had an inability to govern the state. He thought that boni should rule.
what was key to cicero in the success of Rome
no democracy. Concordia ordinum between optimates and equites. Boni ruled Rome and have positions in powerful places. Through their exended patronage they could then help the people and maintain peace
cum dignitae otium
peace with dignity
total religious, political and social status quo
why did caelius want cicero to send him pnathers
for his aedileship
who was killed at Parthia
Crassus
who was Tiro
slave of Cicero
published In Verrem
ciceros attitude to Provinces
he was bored
hated being away from Rome and Politics
he feared that governorship would impair his reputation
he would refuse to use corruption and exploit the rpovince
Populares attitude to provinces
JC and Pompey looked at provinces as a opportunity t get military conquest
they gained honour, wealth, clients
formed a political advancement
Many people like Caelius and Brutus exploited provinces. so did Verres. It was typical
How did Cicero try to avoid leaving Italy and Rome
as quaestor he recognised to gain political influence he needs to stay in Rome
He gathered the evidence for verres trail in Sicily. He was only there for 50 days so shows how rapidly he wanted to return back to Rome
Cicero did not put himself for proprietorship. Wanted to stay in Rome and campaign for Consul
When he was exiled he sent many letters highlighting his anger and upset
who planned caesars assasination
brutus
what happened we sullas constitution was destroyed
the rigourous restrictions on the CH were relaxed
Tribunes regain power of veto
jury reformed to senators, equites
why did the senate refuse Pompeys laws for land and ratification of provinces
as revenge for using the tribune to get imperium against mithridates
what did Caesar bring to the TV
popularity
what did Crasus bring to the TV
Wealth and equestrian support
what did Pompey bring to the TV
prestige and loyal ary
why was the TV formed
so that each individual could complete their own political ideals
why did Caesar join the TV
support for consulship
Province
why did Pompey join TV
land for veterans
and ratification of deals in the East
why did Crassus join the tv
tax rebates for equestrians
why did the senate call Caesars career illegal
he was consul with Bibulus who called the rest of the year a sacred period where no laws could be passed. However Caesar passed laws. He also used force against Bibulus. This enabled the senate to persecute Caesar ones he became a private citizen
Campanian law
caesars land bill
distributed public land to urban poor
opposed strongly by optimates
Clodius
roman statesmen and politican
tribune
he introduced grain dole so favoured by people
he was involved in the Bona dea scandal which created resentments between him and Cicero
why did clodius exile Cicero
in 61BC boa dea scandal where cicero testified against Clodius for his illicit acts of sneaking into a womens festival and having an affair with JC wife
in 58BC Clodius becomes tribune. He exiles Cicero as he passed a law which meant that anyone who put someone to death without a trial has to be banished. Cicero did so with the Catiline conspiracy
what are collegia
clubs
Clodius allowed them
Meant that gangs started to form
Rome was now put into a time of gang warfare
deep resentments between Pompey and Crassus
71BC Pompey settled Spartacus uprising. Crassus was there already but Pompey took credit for the defeat. Moreover in the Senate Pompey was awarded a triumph while Crassus only a standing ovation.
So Pompey and Crassus tried hard to mask their feelings for eachother
triumvirate under pressure 1
Pompey and Crassus had both gotten what they wanted out o the TV ( pompey land for veterans and ratification of Asia Minor, and Crassus tax rebates)
So now had no use for the TV and their hated for eachother became apparent
Triumverate under pressure 2
Pompey was suspicious that Crassus was behind Clodius gang, and its attacks on Pompey trying to publicaly humiliate him
Triumverate under pressure 3
Pompey was married to JC sister, Julia
She died in 54BC
This ended any amicitea they had
Triumverate under pressure 4
Caesar was in Gual
Both Pompey and Crassus were jealous of his succes
Triumverate under pressure 5
Cicero was trying to pull Pompey away form the TV and join the optimates
Triumverate under pressure 6
Campania law which Caesar passed to give land to urban poor. Senate wanted a change to it which Pompey supported as it would give him more power over grain supply
The new need of all three men to stay in the TV
CAESAR so that to keep himself in power of Gaul
POMPEY he was inbetween optimates and populares so breaking TV would have gained him powerful enemies
CRASSUS needed glory
Breakdown of the TV
Julia died
Crassus killed so split between JC and Pompey likely
No consuls elected in 53 due to gange warfare so Rome in perilous situation
Ceasar offered Pompey his great niece as a wife
Pompey refused and married a daughter of a optimate
Significnce of 52 BC
Rome ruled by gang warfare
No consuls appointed
People wanted Pompey to become dictator and help Rome
Pompey was given sole consulship
Pompey stayed between JC and Optimates. He needed JC for political strength and senate needed Pompey to keep order in Rome
View of Pompey in 51 BC
Keep balance between JC and Optimates
Ambitious and selfish Populares. He did not want Caesars power to rise to same level as his
View of Caesar in 51BC
He new if he came back to Rome as a private cictizen he would get put on trial for his illegal career.
This is why he stayed in Gaul and asked to be allowed to campaing in absentia thus not returning to Rome.
Also wanted, after his consulship, to be secured a province so that he could flee Rome
Optimates View in 51BC
wanted to recall Ceasar and convict him for illegal career
Importance of Curio in 50BC
Tribune
He propsed that JC and Pompey both give up their commands
Neither of them wanted to do so as they wanted to have power over eachother, and not be equal
vote in 50BC
vote in senate so that both give up commands
370 to 22
22 were optimates
what led to civil war
Caesar crossed Rubicon
what were ciceros political ambitions
consul, advisor, he does what’s best for Rome but also wants to raise his own personal power.
Importance of conference at luca
reaffirmation of the triumvirate
all members got power in provinces
cicero told to stop opposing the triumvirate
cicero is trying to get pompey closer to republic as well as Caesar
why the senate put their hopes on Pompe
pompey will always do whats best for the republic
Actions leading up to CIVIL WAR
optimates for a long time were trying to get Caesar back from Gaul , as a private citizen so they could charge him for his illegal crimes
Caesar coming to his end term as governor in Gaul, he needs to save himself as does not want to be arrested so he suggests through Curio that he and Pompey both disband their armies.
Both refuse to do so as want more power. Senate do not want Pompey to do so as need him as a power figure. so voted against it. Because of the fear of being convicted he crossed the Rubicon.
de imperio
imperium for Pompey. speech by cicero against mithridates
cicero and his character
very pragmatic
even though he sided with the optimates he understood the need for change
all he wanted was stability and peace, so was willing to compromise for this
What actions did Caesar take whilst member of TV that kept in ideals of Populares
Campania Law
Passed Pompey’s Veterans and ratification
Passed Crassus’ tax rebates
Opposed Catiline Conspiracy. Against optimates so populares
A lot of evidence that he had a hugely loyal army. Populares would care for the needs of the people. Respected his men whatever their class
He stood for election through the popular votes for consulship
Passed laws through popular assemblies
Passed law to stop exploitation of provinces while he was consul in 58BC
Cicero and Caesar were always opposed to eachother. Discuss this statement
Yes: Different views on Catiline Conspiracy
Caesar asked Cicero to join TV. Cicero refused. He would rather retire from political life and go away from Greece than join TV
Cicero opposed Campania Law
Cicero wanted Caesars recall and changing of Campania law and conviction
No:
Differences may have not been so different if Caesar thought that they’re was a chance he would join if he wrote the letters
Shared love for oratics, poetry and literature
Caesar forgave Cicero
So maybe not as opposed
However in Letters we see Cicero’s delight at Caesars death
why was Caesar so succesfull
He recognised the importance of backing the people He knew the urban poor were the social class that were going to stay and thus by empowering them he could build is own power base and clients
