random factoids Flashcards
what opthalm condition may be associated with bowel problems?
anterior uveitis
what is a vitroeous haemorrhage until proven otherwirse? what do you do to investigate it?
retinal detachment
US of eye
what are topical fusidic acid drops used for?
bacterial conjunctivitis in pregnancy
what does cottage cheese apperance suggest?
CMV in the retina
what does a positive rinnes test mean in terminology?
- its normal
- air conduction is > bone conduction
what are the inner 2/3rds of the retina supplied by?
CRA
what is the outer 1/3rd of the retina supplied by?
choroid
which drug can cause darkening and lengthening of eyelashes?
topical prostaglandins
which cranial nerve does the corneal reflex test?
trigeminal nerve + facial nerve
- afferent - opthalmic division of trigeminal
- efferent - facial
what is retinoblastoma?
common cause of severe visual impairment in 2 year olds
- autosomal dominant
- lack of red reflex
- squint
- watery eyes
when would you see a cherry red spot?
central retinal artery occlusion
why shoudlnt you carry out a lumbar puncture before an MRI in someone with raised ICP?
it can cause coning and death
what is entropion and where is it seen?
inturing of eyelashes
bacterial conjunctivitis
which drug can precipitate acute closed angle glaucoma?
trycylic antidepressants
which nerve is palsied when one pupil is bigger than the other?
CN 3
- no parasympathetic pupillary contraction
what is the mneominc for eye exam?
AFRO
acutiy
visual fields
how to tell left vs right eye
right eye = optic disc on right nasal side
what is the accommodation reflex
give patient something to focus on e.g. finger and move it closer to them
when is cooper wiring seen
hypertensive retinopathy
pathology affecting temporal lobe causes
contralateral homoymous superior quadrantinopia
what helps to distinguish between wet and dry ARMD
optical coherence tomography (OCT)
3 symptoms of third nerve palsy
- down and out
- fixed mid dilated pupil
- manually elevated eyelid due to proptosis
which CN supplied LPS and pupil constriction
CN 3
what happens when light hits rods and trans-retinal is formed
Na channels close and the membrane is hyper polarised –> no neurotransmitter is released into synapse
- greater potential is then produced in the bipolar cells, if it is great enough to make AP, it is generated in the ganglion cells –> propagated to brain
what are synechiae
adhesions between the pupil and iris - can lead to small / irregular pupil
which terminology describes asymmetrical corneal reflections? e.g. type of squint
manifest (not latent)
if a squint moves OUT it is …
convergent (it was in the convergent position)
hypermetropia meaning and how to fix
fixed with converging lens (causes light to come closer before it hits retina)
smaller eyes
myopia meaning and how to fix
fixed with divergent lens (light has to move apart before hits the retina)
bigger eyes
where are cones packed
foeva
normal intraocular pressure
<21
what is keratitis
infection of cornea
where do new blood vessels grow in wet ARMD
choroid
is rAPD seen in retinal detachment
yes
who sees halo
closed angle glaucoma
treatment for closed angle glaucoma
acetazolamide - stops aqueous production
what causes optic neruritis
MS
classic triad of MS / optic neuritis
unilateral visual impariment
eye pain on movement
distortion of colour
treatment for MS / optic neuritis
methylprednisolone
what surgery is done for cataracts
phacomulsification of lens + insertion of intraocilar lens
how to treat diabetic retinopathy
photocoagulation
anti VEGF injectoins
vitrectomy (removal of vitreous fluid)
bacterial conjunctiivitis in babies <1 month
chlamydia + n gonorrhoea (caused by mother STI)
how to treat chlaymdia conjunctivitis
oxytetracyclate
which bug causes endophthalamits
staph epidermis
1st line for viral conjunctivitis
cold compress + artificial tears
what puts you at risk of a corneal ulcer
contact lenses
how to treat diabetic maculopathy
anti VEGF
