Random Concepts

Question 1

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic system

Answer 1

Sympathetic - Fight or flight
Parasympathetic - Rest and relax

*do opposite effects

Question 2

Hemolymph

Answer 2

Blood equivalent in open circuit systems, found in insects

Question 3

The effect of increasing the flow of Na+ ions into a neuron at rest (-70 mV initially) would be termed

Answer 3

Depolarization

Question 4

sequence of events for the transmission of an action potential at a chemical synapse

Answer 4

1. Action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane
2. Ion channel opens to allow Ca++ to enter axon bulb
3. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
   4.Neurotransmitter binds with receptor
4. Na+ rushes into postsynaptic neuron’s cytoplasm

Question 5

Flow of filtration

Answer 5

1.Glomerulus
2. Proximal convoluted tubule.
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal convoluted tubule.
5. Collecting duct

Question 6

what pathway generates CO2

Answer 6

Citric acid cycle + PO

Question 7

What type of molecule can easily pass through the membrane?

Answer 7

hydrophobic

Question 8

Protein structure:

Primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Answer 8

Primary: sequence of amino acids
Secondary: Beta sheets alpha helix
Tertiary: 3D shape of protein
Quaternary: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into functional protein

Question 9

Nitrogenous wastes and what animals they come from

Answer 9

ammonia - (aquatic animals)
Uric acid - birds, insects, reptiles
urea - mammals

Question 10

Single Circulation

Answer 10

at Gills and body
#2 capillaries
2 chambers in heart
Fish

Question 11

Double circulation with mixing

Answer 11

Skin/lungs (pulmocutaneous) + Body (systemic)
#1 capillaries
3 chambers in heart
amphibian

Question 12

Double circulation without mixing

Answer 12

Lungs (pulmonary) + body (systemic)
#1 capillaries
4 chambers
oxygenated and anoxygenic blood separating
mammal

Question 13

relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland.

Answer 13

Hypothalamus receives info from nerves, produces hormones, then transported down neurons to the posterior pituitary gland

posterior pituitary secretes the hormones

Question 14

body response to high calcium levels

Answer 14

Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland.

Question 15

Describe action potential

Answer 15

voltage gated channels open
depolarization then repolarization happens

Question 16

Voltage vs Ligand ion channels

Answer 16

Voltage: opens in response to electric voltage of cell
Ligand: opens when molecule binds to receptor

Question 17

Calcium Homeostasis

Answer 17

-negative feedback
*low blood calcium
-Parathyroid glands release PTH (inc. Ca2+
reabsorption)
*high blood calcium
-thyroid gland release calcitonin (opp. effect of PTH)

Question 18

Parthenogenesis

Answer 18

Reproduction without fertilization

Question 19

Sexual reproduction

Answer 19

new individuals from fusion of gametes

dioecious - separate sexes
Monoecious (hermaphroditic) - individuals with male and female reproductive systems