Random Flashcards
what is the philapdelphia chromosome associated with
CML
where is the falciform ligament and what does it do
it divides the lobes of the liver and the free edge of the ligament is the embryological remnant of the ligamentum teres
what do upper motor neurone lesions cause in the head/face
they cause contralateral face weakness while sparing the forehead eg. stroke
what do lower motor neurone lesions cause in the head/face
weakness involving the whole ipsilateral face eg facial nerve injury
what is the broad ligament and what does it do
double layer of peritoneum attaching the sides of the uterus to the pelvis. It acts as a mesentery for the uterus and contributes to maintaining it in position
what is the round ligament
remnant of the gubernaculum extending from uterine horns to labia majora via inguinal canal. It functions to maintain the anteverted position of the uterus
give an example of a DPP4 inhibitor
sitagliptin
give an example of a sulphonylurea
gliclazide
what is a normal ion gap in metabolic acidosis
3-11
how do you work out the ion gap
(Na + K)-(cl + HCo3)
what are they causes of a raised ion gap
MUD PILES, methanol, uraemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, paraldehyde, isoniazid/ iron overdose, lactic acid, ethylene glycol intoxication, salicyclate intoxication
what are they causes of a normal ion gap
Renal tubular acidosis, addisons disease, diarrhoea, GI fistula
what is the inheritance of haemochromatosis and wilsons disease
autosomal recessive
what is the inheritance of haemophilia
x linked recessive
what is the inheritance of sickle cell disease
autosomal recessive
what is the inheritance of hereditary spherocytosis
autosomal dominant
what is the inheritance of G6PD
x linked
what is the inheritance of neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis
autosomal dominant
what are the side effects of hydroxycholoroquine
nightmares, decreased visual acuity (maculopathy can be irreversible), increased skin pigmentation, liver toxicity
what are the side effects of sulfasalazine
can stain tears orange, caution with people with G6PD, oligozoospermia, myelosuppression
side effects of leflunamide
long wash out period, increased bp (hypertension) peripheral neuropathy, rashes, mouth ulcers
side effects of methotrexate
pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis, liver toxicity, mouth ulcers, leukopenia and bone marrow suppression
sympotms of legionella pneumonia
dry cough, relative bradycardia, confusion, deranged liver function
how do you diagnose legionella pneumonia
urinary antigen
how do you treat legionella pneumonia
macrolide eg erythromycin
complications of mycoplasma pneumonia
haemolytic anaemia/ITP, erythema multiforme, encephalitis/GBS peri/myocarditis
how do you diagnose mycoplasma pneumonia
serology
how do you treat mycoplasma pneumonia
macrolide eg erythromycin
what is the true love and witt criteria
sever UC is when there are greater than 6 stolls per day plus at least one of temperature >37.8 HR >90 Anaemia <105 g/l and ESR >30
what is the taenia coli
they are 3 separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, they contract to produce the haustra (bulges in the colon)
what is the tensor tympani supplied by
CN V3
what is the stapedius supplied by
CN VII
if patient with normal lungs has pneumothorax with <2cm of air what do you do
discharge with follow up
if patient with normal lungs has pneumothorax and >2cm air what do you do
aspirate
if the aspiration doesn’t work what do you do
chest drain
in secondary pneumothorax if patient is short of breath and >2cm of air how do you treat
chest drain
if secondary pneumothorax and between 1-2cm of air what do you do
admit for at least 24 hours, aspirate air
if secondary pneumothorax <1cm how do you treat
give oxygen and admit for 24 hours
what operation for gastric cancer > 5 cm from OG junction
partial gastrectomy
which operation for gastric cancer <5 cm (proximal)
total gastrectomy
gastric cancer in cardia of stomach
total gastrectomy
apart from clinically what test is used to diagnose Lewy Body dementia
SPECT
how does CKD affect the calcium and phosphate levels
decreased calcium and increased phosphate
how can you treat increased phosphate in CKD
phosphate binders
how can you treat low vitamin D in CKD
alfacalcidol is used because it doesn’t require activation in the kidneys
