Opthalmology

Question 1

causes of a red eye

Answer 1

1) acute closed angle glaucoma
2) episcleritis
3) scleritis
4)conjunctivial haemorrhage
5) anterior uveitis
6) endopthalmitis
corneal abrasion/ulceration
keratitis

Question 2

what is the aim of treatment in ACAG

Answer 2

decrease aqueous secretions and pupil constirction

Question 3

what is the treatment of acute closed angle glaucoma

Answer 3

acetazolamide to decrease the aq secretions and pilocarpine to constrict the pupil

Question 4

which nervous system causes pupil dilation

Answer 4

sympathetic causes pupil dilation

Question 5

what nervous system causes pupil constriction

Answer 5

parasympathetic causes pupil constriction

Question 6

what is used as a second line investigation if wet ARMD is suspected

Answer 6

fluoroscein angiography as it can guide intervention with anti-VEGF

Question 7

what are the causes of papilloedema

Answer 7

space occupying lesions;neoplasmic, vascular
malignant hypertension
idiopathic intercranial hypertension
hypercapnia

Question 8

what is a hutchinson’s pupil

Answer 8

unilaterally dilated pupil which is unresponsive to light. A result of compression of the oculomotor nerve of the same side, by an intracranial mass eg. tumour. haematoma

Question 9

what is an argryll-Robertson pupil

Answer 9

bilaterally small pupils that accommodate but don’t react to bright light
causes can include neurosyphillis and diabetes mellitus

Question 10

what is an adie pupil

Answer 10

tonically dialte pupil, slowly reactive to light with more definite accommodation response. Caused by damage to parasympathetic innervation of the eye due to viral or bacterial infection.

Question 11

causes of sudden painless loss of vision

Answer 11

ischaemic/vascular eg thrombosis, embolism, temporal arteriris, CRVO, CRAO
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal detatchment
retinal migraine

Question 12

causes of painful loss of vision

Answer 12

acute closed angle glaucoma 
endopthalmitis 
herpes zoster opthalmicus 
iritis/anterior uveitis 
orbital cellulitis 
scleritis 
corneal abrasion (more blurring of vision)

Question 13

what is keratitis

Answer 13

inflammation of the cornea

Question 14

what is keratitis caused by

Answer 14

there are a number of causes of keratitis

1) viral infection with herpes simplex
2) bacterial infection with pseudomonas or staphylococcus
3) fungal infection with candida or aspergillus
4) contact lens red eye (CLARE)
5) exposure keratitis caused by inadequate eyelid coverage (eg. eyelid ectropion)