Random Flashcards
James-Lange theory
emotions result from perceiving bodily reactions or responses. In this case, you perceived your bodily reaction (heart racing) and concluded you must be very anxious
Cannon-Bard theory
Proposes that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously. When an event is perceived (e.g., taking the exam), messages are sent at the same time to the hypothalamus, which arouses the body, and to the limbic system, which causes the subjective experience of anxiey
Schacter’s Two-Factor theory
proposes that emotion results from both internal information (hypothalamus and limbic system) and external information (the context). According to this theory you would be experiencing physiological arousal (racing heart), and would then look to the environment (the licensing exam) to help you label the emotion as anxiety, rather than, for example excitement
foreclosure stage
Marcia’s adolescent identity model. The adolescent in foreclosure commits himself or herself to a goal without exploring alternatives, thus there is commitment with an absence of crisis
identity achievement stage
Marcia’s adolescent identity model. the person has struggled and explored several options and developed goals and values. He or she has resolved the crisis, and made a commitment
moratorium stage
Marcia’s adolescent identity model. The person is actively struggling with exploring options and making a decision, but has not yet made a commitment. There is crisis and absence of commitment
identity diffusion stage
Marcia’s adolescent identity model. The adolescent lacks direction and is not seriously considering options or trying to develop goals, thus, there is an absence of both crisis and commitment
Zeigarnik effect
refers to the phenomenon that people are more likely to remember uncompleted tasks than completed tasks
The standard error of estimate is affected by ________
the standard deviation of the criterion and criterion-related validity
Referent Power
This is the result of a person’s perceived attractiveness, worthiness and right to others’ respect.
Legitimate Power
This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient.
Coercive Power
This comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
Reward Power
This results from one person’s ability to compensate another for compliance.
Expert Power
This is based on a person’s high levels of skill and knowledge.
Order of sleep waves
- Alpha- relaxed wakefulness
- Theta- early stage 1 sleep
- Delta- slow waves that occur during deep sleep stages 3 and 4
- REM
The range of the standard error of measurement is____
is always from 0 to the standard deviation of the test (SDx)
The range of the validity coefficient is _____
-1 to 1
The range of the reliability coefficient is ______
from 0 to +1
The range of the standard error of estimate is from _____
0 to the standard deviation of the criterion (SDy)
When is an infant is likely to be most bothered by separation?
(10-16 months) which includes separation anxiety
idiopathic
When the cause of a disease is unknown
Iatrogenic
illness or complications, especially infections, that are caused in the course of receiving medical treatment (e.g., a patient contracts TB while in the hospital)
Idiosyncratic
non-technical term for unusual, eccentric, or unique responses
nocebo
something that should be ineffective but which causes symptoms of ill health; a nocebo is the opposite of a placebo. A nocebo effect is an ill effect caused by the suggestion or belief that something is harmful (e.g., expectation of unpleasant side effects leading to experiencing them despite receiving a sugar pill).
Mediated generalization is another name for ____
stimulus generalization
The standard error of the mean has a direct relationship with the ____ and an indirect relationship with _____
the SD of the population; sample size. The standard error of the mean increases when the SD of the population is increased and sample size is reduced.
Self-perception theory
focuses on people’s tendencies to look outside of the self when they don’t know the cause of their own behavior.
reciprocity hypothesis
people tend to like others who like them
matching hypothesis
proposes that people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other
similarity hypothesis
people similar to each other (e.g., similar in age, race, or religion) tend to form intimate relationships
Barnum effect
occurs when someone finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to anyone
Hawthorne effect
associated with a change in behavior that results from being observed
Rosenthal effect
or experimenter expectancies refers to the cues or clues transmitted by the experimenter to the subjects that results in subjects conforming to the experimenter’s expectations
law of effect
proposed by Thorndike, asserts that people will tend to repeat an action that had a previously pleasurable outcome
Job enrichment
enrichment involves expanding jobs to give employees a greater role in planning and performing their work, thus providing an opportunity to build motivators or satisfiers into job content. It involves increasing employees’ autonomy, authority, and freedom, and encouraging employees to take on challenging tasks. It is partially based on Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, which predicts that increasing employees’ responsibility (a motivator) will result in increased satisfaction and performance
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
asserts that people behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy that certain rewards will follow
Equity Theory
looks at the ratio of self inputs/self outcomes versus others’ inputs/others’ outcomes, and is based on Social Comparison Theory.
Assimilation
involves incorporating a new experience into an already established mental structure
accommodation
) involves modifying or expanding a cognitive structure or schema to take in new information
Equilibration
refers to the striving toward balance between the person and the outside environment, as well as among the person’s schemata
Object permanence
typically achieved by the child’s second birthday, refers to the child’s ability to understand that objects continue to exist independent of the child’s involvement with them
Social comparison theory
suggests that when standards are ambiguous and subjective (e.g., “professionalism”), we compare ourselves to others (usually but not always those slightly above us)
Self-serving bias
refers to people’s tendency to make dispositional attributions for their success and situational attributions for their failure
fundamental attribution error
refers to people’s tendency to make dispositional attributions about others’ behavior
Idiographic
term used to describe single subject approaches
nomothetic
describes group approaches
Job enlargement
simply involves increasing the variety of tasks, but not responsibility or degree of challenge. Research has found that job enlargement increases satisfaction but does not improve performance. In contrast, job enrichment involves increasing employees’ responsibility and involvement. It has been found to increase both satisfaction and performance.
Kohlber’s stages of gender idenity
- gender labeling
- gender stability
- gender consistency
gender labeling
Kohlberg. children identify others as male or female based on physical appearances such a clothing or hair style and do not recognize that gender is stable over time. Thus, as physical characteristics change (e.g., hair length), gender changes
Gender stability
children recognize that gender is stable over time (e.g., boys will grow up to be daddies), however, there is still some confusion as to whether superficial appearance serves as a way of identifying gender
Gender consistency
children fully understand the nature of gender as permanent across time and situation
What do Wernicke’s aphasia, Broca’s aphasia, and conduction aphasia have in common?
Impaired repetition of verbal tasks
Retroactive inhibition
occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.
Proactive interference
occurs when previously learned material interferes with recall of newly learned material.
secondary reinforcer
acquires reinforcing value only through experience
Primary reinforcers
reinforcers that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (e.g., food)
While hand preference typically emerges around age ___, it only becomes firmly established around age ___.
2; 7-8
Item response theory (IRT
also termed latent trait theory, is used to calculate to what extent a specific item on a test correlates with an underlying construct. Put differently, item response theory looks at a subject’s performance on a test item as representing the degree to which the subject has a latent trait. For example, correctly answering a difficult statistics question would indicate a subject is high in the latent trait of “statistics ability.” It can be used, therefore, to compare a subject’s performance on two measures that have different types or number of items, or are scored differently. IRT is used to develop individually tailored “adaptive” tests, in which an answer to one question in a domain area determines whether another question in that area will be asked. Such tests end up having the fewest number of items necessary to assess a subject’s performance.
Classical test theory
views an individual’s test score as being the sum of true score variability and error score variability (X = T + E).
Ipsative measures
yield only information on an individual, without any information about how that individual compares to others. For example, an ipsative measure might show that Mr. Smith likes gardening more than cooking, but doesn’t tell us whether he likes gardening more or less than the average person does.
Instrumental learning is another term for
operant conditioning
Marlatt
is a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist who is well known for his model of relapse prevention. Unlike AA and other abstinence-based programs, he attempts to minimize the effects of relapses by teaching recovering addicts to view them as inevitable experiences which can be learned from. Part of his model also includes encouraging addicts to attribute relapses to external factors rather than to internal ones. High risk factors are identified for relapses (e.g., boredom or marital arguments) and new methods for dealing with them are developed (e.g., listening to music or calling a friend).
onsultee-centered administrative consultation
the consultant is working with employees in order to improve the implementation of a program. In addition, this consultant is specifically addressing the employees’ attitudes toward how the program is being conducted.
program-centered administrative consultation
the focus is on the program itself, for example, how to develop a program for customer relations.
consultee-centered case consultation
the consultant works with the consultee on his or her difficulties with patients
client-centered case consultation
the focus is on helping the consultee with a particular patient.
Zimbardo’s study
it has been found that deindividuation and anonymity contribute to aggressive behavior by typically placid individuals. Deindividuation refers to the process of suspending one’s private self-identity and adopting instead the identity of the group, along with decreased self-awareness and self-regulation. The critical factor in deindividuation is anonymity. Unanimity is a factor that is crucial in conformity, and not deindividuation. Conformity is the process of changing one’s behavior as a result of real or imagined group pressure, and is not thought to be the critical factor in deindividuation.
Utility analysis
is a quantitative research method that measures the effectiveness of an intervention in the workplace in terms of the dollar Value of the benefits generated. This dollar value is determined based on the improvement in worker productivity.
According to social loafing, what type of task would you expect the lowest levels of performance from a worker?
the worker is performing an easy task in a large group
Locke’s Goal Setting theory
several factors are important with regard to goal achievement or performance: goals should be specific rather than global, goals should be of intermediate to high level of difficulty, and workers should receive feedback on their performance. Additionally Locke proposes that workers’ beliefs that the goals are attainable, and workers’ acceptance of and commitment to the goals are critical for goal achievement.
The sudden onset of the forgetting of personal information is characteristic of
dissociative amnesia
multiple baseline design
, treatment is applied sequentially or consecutively across subjects, situations, or behaviors. Although expensive and time-consuming, it can eliminate problems associated with other single subject designs, such as the threat of history, the failure to return to baseline, and ethical concerns about the withdrawal of treatment
Schizotypal personality disorder
is characterized by deficits in interpersonal functioning marked by discomfort with, and reduced capacity for close relationships, as well as by peculiarities in cognition, ideation, appearance, and behavior
Schizoid personality disorder
involves detachment from social relationships, and a restricted range of emotions. Those with schizoid personality disorder are indifferent to interpersonal relationships.
Avoidant personality disorder
is characterized by a pattern of social discomfort and inhibition, fear and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, and feelings of inadequacy. This disorder does not typically involve odd or eccentric appearance and behavior
Paranoid personality disorder
involves a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, and a tendency to interpret the actions of others as deliberately demeaning, threatening, or malevolent.
What are Piaget’s stages of moral development?
Heteronomous (ages 5-10): rules are decided by authority figures and cannot be changed
Autonomous (age 10): rules are flexible, agreed on by others, can be changed
The sequences of acquisition in gender role development is
gender roles, gender identity, and gender constancy
point biserial
true dichotomy*continuous
Biserial
artificial dichotomy * continuous
Spearman Rho
rank * rank
Pearson r
continuous * continuous
___% of right handed people and ___ % of left handed people are left hemisphere dominant
90-95%, 50-60%
