Random Flashcards
1
Q
- What is the parietal layer of the bowmans capsule made of?
- What is the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule made of?
A
- Simple squamous epithelium
- specialised epithelium called podocytes
2
Q
- What is the renal corpuscle formed by?
- What is b/w these structures?
A
- The renal corpuscle is formed by the glomerulus surrounded by the bowmans capsule of the nephron
- Filtration barrier/ blood-urine barrier
3
Q
What is the three layers of the filtration barrier?
A
- Fenestrated epithelium of glomerulus capillary
- Fused basement membrane
- Filtration slits b/w pedicels of the podocytes
4
Q
The kidney
- What are the kidneys located behind?
- What surrounds the kidney and why?
- What sits above the kidney?
- Where are the kidneys located (vertebral level)?
- What passes through the hilum of the kidney?
- What way does the hilum face?
- What does the renal pelvis narrow into to form?
A
- The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum
- A fat pad surrounds the kidneys for support & protection
- The adrenal gland sits above the kidney
- The kidneys are located at the T12-L3 vertebral level
- Arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves pass through the hilum of the kidney
- The hilum faces medially
- The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter
5
Q
- What surrounds the medullary pyramids?
- What projections of the cortex seperate the medullary pyramids
A
- The kidney consist of an inner medulla, arranged in medullary pyramids
- An outer cortex surrounds the medulla
- Separating the medullary pyramids are projections of the cortex called renal columns
6
Q
Where do renal arteries branch from?
- What do the arteries not directly supply?
- What arises from the last of these arteries?
A
- Renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta then divide into smaller and smaller arteries
- The arteries do not directly supply the medulla but reach the cortex
- The afferent arteriole arises from the last of these arteries
7
Q
- What arises from the afferent arteriole?
- What do these form?
- What endothelium like and why?
A
- Glomerular capillaries arise from afferent arterioles
- Glomerular capillaries form a ball of vessels called the glomerulus
- Endothelium here is fenestrated for filtration
8
Q
- What carries blood away from the glomerulus?
- What do the peritubule capillaries surround
- What are peritubular vessels specialised for?
A
- Efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries
- Peritubular surrounds the tubules of the nephron
- These vessels are specialised for reabsorption
9
Q
- What runs alongside the loop of henle in the juxtamedullary nephrons?
- What are they extensions of?
A
- Long straight blood vessels called the vasa recta
- Vasa recta are extensions of the peritubular capillaries
10
Q
- What are the specialised cells in the afferent arteriole called?
- What do these form a part of?
- What type of receptors are these & what do they detect?
A
- The afferent arteriole has specialised cells called juxtaglomerular cells
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
- These cells are mechanical receptors which detect blood pressure
11
Q
- What is the nephron comprised of?
A
- Bowmans capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
12
Q
- What is the PCT the site of?
- What type of epithelium is there in the PCT?
- What are these cells rich in?
- What does this provide?
A
- The PCT is the site of bulk reabsorption in the nephron
- It has a cuboidal epithelium with a brush border of microvilli
- These cells are also rich in mitochondria
- Provide energy for active transport
13
Q
What type of epithelium does the loop of hence have?
A
- The epithelium is simple squamous
14
Q
- What type of epithelium is in the DCT?
- Is it thinner or thicker than the PCT?
- What does it have fewer of compared to the PCT?
- What cells are located in the DCT?
- What do these cells form?
- What type of receptors are they & what do they detect?
A
- The DCT has cuboidal epithelium
- The DCT epithelium is thinner than PCT
- DCT has fewer mitochondria & microvilli
- Macula dense cells are located in the DCT
- These cells form part of the JGA
- Macula densa cells are chemo receptors
- Macula densa cells detect changes in Na+ concentrations
15
Q
- Where is urine emptied from in the kidney?
A
- Urine is emptied from the collecting ducts at the papilla of the medullary pyramid and then flows into the minor calyces, which merge to form major calyces before joining to form the renal pelvis
- This narrows at the hilum to form the ureters
Collecting ducts at the papilla of the medullary pyramid → minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis
