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HUBS 192 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

4 features of the mammalian cardiovascular system

A
  • Four chambered heart
  • Blood flows in one direction
  • Arterial blood flows away from heart
  • Venous blood flows towards heart
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2
Q

Name the series circuit

A
  • Pulmonary —> systemic
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3
Q

Name the parallel circuit

A
  • Systemic
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4
Q

What does the series circuit ensure?

A
  • Ensures that all blood flows to the lungs before flowing through the systemic circulation and to all the organs
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5
Q

Features (3) of parallel circuits

A
  • Arterial blood continually divides as it flows away from the heart
  • All organs receive the oxygen-rich blood that left the lungs
  • No organs receive the the carbon dioxide-rich blood leaving another organ (except the liver)
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6
Q

Define the variables that determine blood flow

A
  • Flow = Pressure difference/resistance

- Q = ΔP/R

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7
Q

Features (2) of a BLOOD vascular system

  • What type of system?
A
  • A closed supply and drainage system

- A continuous loop

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8
Q

Features (2) of a LYMPHATIC vascular system

  • What type of system?
A
  • An open drainage system

- A one-way system

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9
Q

Organisation of the cardiovascular system

A
  • SED
  • Supply side
  • Exchange network
  • Drainage
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10
Q

Principles (4) of supply side

A
  • Arteries are the only supply path
  • Major arteries are situated to avoid damage
  • Important structures often receive supply from two sources ( two separate structures)
  • Arteries change their name at each major branch
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11
Q

Principles (1) of Exchange network

A
  • Capillaries of varying degrees of permeability
    • Continuous (controlled-tight) - 5-10um
    • Fenestrated (leaky) - 5-10um - small intestine - kidney
    • Sinusoidal (very leaky) - 20-30um - liver
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12
Q

Principles (2) for drainage

  • What are the three pathways for drainage?
  • What is the cross sectional area for veins?
A
  • 3 pathways for drainage
    • Deep veins
    • Superficial veins
    • Lymphatics
  • Cross sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries
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13
Q

Right atrium receives?

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus
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14
Q

Left atrium receives?

A
  • Four pulmonary veins
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15
Q

Layers of the heart wall and what makes up them

A 
Endocardium
- Squamous epithelium
Myocardium
- Elastin & collagen
Epicardium
- Visceral serous pericardium
- Loose irregular FCT
-Blood vessels
- Adipose
Visceral pericardium
pericardium fluid
Parietal pericardium
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16
Q

The left & right ventricles wall features (3)

A
  • Right ventricle = 0.5cm —> pulmonary arteries (lungs)
  • left ventricle = 1.5cm —> Aorta (systemic)
  • Muscular interventricular septum (wall b/w ventricles)
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17
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves function (3)

A
  • Prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction
  • Right side - Tricuspid valve
  • Left side - Bicuspid (mitral) valve
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18
Q

Operation of atrioventricular valves?

A
  • Open = Diastole

- Close = Systole

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19
Q

Function (5) of semilunar valves

A
  • Prevent blood from returning to ventricles during filling (diastole)
  • Aortic (semilunar) valve, three cusps
  • Pulmonary (semilunar) valve, three cusps
  • Pushed open as blood flows out of heart
  • Close as blood starts to backflow
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20
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A
  • Striated
  • Short fat, branched cells
  • One (or occasionally 2) nuclei/cell
  • Central (oval shaped), nucleus
  • Intercalate disks (ICDs)
  • Mitochondria 25% of volume of cell
  • Irregular branched sarcomeres
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21
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A
  • Many nuclei (pushed to periphery)

- Mitochondria 2 % of skeletal cell

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22
Q

Cardiac muscle, intercalated disks features (3)

A
  • Adhesion belts (linking actin to actin)
  • Desmosomes (linking cytokeratin to cytokeratin)
  • Gap junction (electrochemical communication)
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23
Q

Features of purkinje cells

A
  • Some peripheral myofibrils
  • Mitochondria
  • Glycogen
  • Some desmosomes
  • Few adhesion belts
  • Lots of gap junctions
  • 1% of cardiac cells
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24
Q

Structure of Blood Vessels

A
  • Tunica Intima
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunica Adventitia (externa)
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25
Q

Tunica intima structure

A

Endothelium
- A simple squamous epithelium which lines the lumen of all vessels
Subendothelium
- A sparse pad of loose FCT. Cushioning the endothelium
Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL)
- A condensed sheet of elastic tissue
- The IEL is well developed in arteries and less developed in veins

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26
Q

Tunica media (smooth muscle) structure

A
  • A variable of connective tissue fibres
  • Mainly elastin and collagen
  • Thickness of media is proportional to both vessels diameter and blood pressure
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27
Q

Tunica Adventita (externa) Structure

A
  • Loose FCT with a high content of collagen and variable amount of elastin
  • In larger vessels, the adventitia contains vaso vasorum
  • Lymphatics and autonomic nerves are also found in this region
28
Q

features of vein

A

-Irregular, flattened shape with large lumen & thin wall
- Have spare capacity ( can take up extra blood volume)
= capacitance vessels

29
Q

Structure of veins

A

Three layer

  • Intima
  • Media - Much thinner than arteries - a few layers of smooth muscle ( often in two distinct layers)
  • Adventitia - often the thickest layer of a vein
30
Q

Capillary Function & function demands

A

Function
- Site of exchange between blood and tissue
Function demands (3):
- Very thin walls
- Large total cross sectional area of capillary bed
- Slow & smooth blood flow

Side note - Large total area of the capillary bed (compared to arterioles), means much slower blood flow

31
Q

Lymph Vascular system functions (4)

A
  • Drains excess tissue fluid & plasma proteins from tissues and returns them to blood
  • Filters foreign material from the lymph
  • ‘Screens’ Lymph for foreign antigens & responds by releasing antibodies & activated immune cells
  • Absorbs fat from intestine and transports to blood
32
Q

The Lymphatic Structure

A

Lymphatic vessels

  • Commence as large, blind ending capillaries
  • From small intestine, a special group of lymphatic vessels called LACTEALS drain fat-laden lymph into a collecting vessel called the CISTERNA CHYLI
  • Larger (thin wall) collecting vessels have numerous valves to prevent backflow
33
Q

Features of a lymphatic vessel

A
  • Filaments anchored to connective tissue
  • Endothelial cell
  • Flaplike minivalve
34
Q

Regional lymph nodes

A
  • Cervical nodes
  • Axillary nodes
  • Inguinal nodes
35
Q

Features of a continuous capillary

A
  • Lumen
  • Intercellular cleft
  • Endothelial fenestration (pore)
  • Vesicles
  • Basal lamina
  • Diffusion through pore
  • Diffusion through intercellular cleft
  • Direct diffusion
36
Q

Cellular mechanism of cardiac contraction

A

(1) Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels
- Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
(2) Actin binding site revealed
- Myosin binds forming the X-bridge
(3) A/M filaments slide relative to each other
- Sarcomere shortens
- Force generated
(4) Every myocyte activated each heart beat

37
Q

Ways to increase cardiac contraction

A

(1) Every cardiomyocyte is activated during each heart beat
(2) Extent of x-bridges formed not maximized at rest…
- ↑ cytosolic Ca2+ level
- ↑ number of x-bridges formed
- ↑ force of contraction

38
Q

Cellular mechanism of cardiac relaxaition

A

(1) ATP binds to myosin
(2) Decrease in cytosolic Ca2+ levels
- Ca2+ into SR
(3) X- bridges release
- A/M separate
(4) Reduction in force
(5) All cardiac myocytes relax each beat

39
Q

Anatomical basis of cardiac contraction

A
  • Cardiac muscle fibres in helical pattern

- Heart twist and controls as it contracts

40
Q

Cardiac cycle and it’s main phases

A

Atrial systole → isovolumetric ventricular contraction → ejection → Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation → passive ventricular filling

41
Q

Features (4) of Pulsatile blood flow in arteries

- Continuous flow in capillaries

A
  • Intermittent injection of blood into aorta from the left ventricle
  • Elastic arteries - stretches then recoils - storing and releasing energy
  • cycles of increase (systolic) and decrease (diastolic) pressure
  • Pulse wave is a pressure wave - travels along the arteries - ahead of the blood
42
Q

Features (2) of Electrical cells of the heart

A
  • 1%

- ‘Pale’ striated appearance - low actin and myosin

43
Q

Features (3) of contractile cells of the heart

A
  • Striated appearance
  • High actin and myosin
  • ‘working myocardial cell’
44
Q

electrical “wiring” of the heart:

6 parts of the conduction pathway

A

(1) Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) → interatrial bundle & fibres → (2) Left atrium & (3) Right atrium
Internodal bundle & fibres→ (4) Atrioventricular (AV) node
→ Subendocardial branches (purkinje fibres) → (5) Lateral wall & septum of right ventricle & (6) Lateral wall and septum of Left ventricle

45
Q

ECG and cardiac cycle

A 
P wave
- Atrial depolarisation
- Atrial contraction
QRS complex
- Ventricular depolarisation
- Ventricular contraction
- Rise in ventricular pressure
- Ejection of blood
- Fall in ventricular volume
- Rise in aortic pressure
T wave
- Ventricular repolarisation
- Ventricular relaxation
.... fall in ventricular pressure 
.... atrioventricular valves open
... filling of the ventricles occur
46
Q

Blood pressures throughout the systemic circulation

A
  • Blood pressure high in major arteries - Oscillatory
  • Blood pressure falls steeply across the “microcirculation”
    • Oscillatory nature is reduced
  • Blood pressure is very low in veins
  • Large difference in pressure (ΔP) between the arterials and venous sides
    • Creates a driving force for blood flow
47
Q

Blood pressure throughout the systemic system

- Highest to lowest

A

Left ventricle → large arteries → resistance vessels → capillaries & pulmonary artery → venules → veins

48
Q

Ejection of blood into the arterial system
- maintains arterial blood volume and blood pressure

Features of “Blood flows in”

A
  • Fills arteries
  • Raises arterial pressure
  • Increases arterial blood volume
49
Q

Ejection of blood into the arterial system
- maintains arterial blood volume and blood pressure

Feature of “Blood flows out”

A
  • Drains arteries
  • Decreases arterial blood volume
  • Lowers arterial pressure
50
Q

What is arterial blood volume and pressure determined by?

A

Balance between blood flows “in” and “out”

51
Q

Cardiac output and arterial resistance effect blood pressure

Features of “Blood flow in”

A
  • Ventricular contraction
  • Ejection of blood
  • CARDIAC OUTPUT
52
Q

Cardiac output and arterial resistance effect blood pressure

Features of “Blood flow out”

A
  • Capillary flow

- Controlled by resistance of the arteries

53
Q

Balance flow in/out determines pressure

A
  • Increase cardiac output (increase inflow)
  • Increase resistance (decrease outflow)
  • Increase arterial volume and pressure
54
Q

MAP = CO x TPR

A

Arterial pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

55
Q

Cardiac output is determined by?

A

Cardiac Output (L/min) = Stroke Volume (L/beat - pulse strength) x Heart Rate (beats/min - Pulse speed)

56
Q

Is the stroke volume of the Leaf and Right ventricle the same?

A

Yes

57
Q

Features of homeostasis of arterial blood pressure control of the heart and blood vessels

A 
Mean arterial pressure is tightly regulated
- narrow range
MAP = CO x TPR
- Heart (cardiac output)
- Blood vessels (vascular resistance)
Co-ordinated within the brainstem
- Afferent input from both the CNS and 'periphery'
- Efferent output to heart and vessels
58
Q

How is MAP controlled during exercise?

A
  • Increase cardiac output
  • Constant mean arterial pressure
  • Decreased total peripheral resistance
59
Q

What controls vascular resistance?

A

Local (Mechanical - response to force)
- from within the vessels (blood pressure)
- From outside the vessel (e.g. swelling)
Central
- Neural - vascular sympathetic nerves
- Humoral (blood) - hormones released from remote organs - e.g. adrenaline

60
Q

Compliance definition & equation

A
  • The extent to which a vessel allows deformation in response to an applied force
  • ΔV/ΔP
61
Q

Compliance of Vein vs Artery

A
  • Vein = thin wall → compliant
  • Vein - Large volume = small pressure = high compliance
  • Artery = think wall → rigid
  • Artery - Small volume = large pressure = low compliance
62
Q

Features of blood transfusion from venous to arterial system

A
  • Arterial puncture
  • Loss of arterial blood
  • Life threatening fall in arterial pressure
  • Leads to vasoconstriction (under neural control)
  • Blood transfusion from venous to arterial system
63
Q

Features (4) of High vascular compliance (pooling in veins)

A
  • Venous volume (blue) is larger than arterial volume (red)
  • While supine (laying down), venous volume is uniform from head to toe
  • In the upright position, venous volume below the heart increases; whereas venous volume above the heart decreases
  • Extreme venous pooling in the legs and feet
64
Q

Features (2) of venous valve counteracting venous pooling

A
  • No valves → continuous column: heavy at bottom

- Valves → discontinuous column: more even distribution of weight

65
Q

Features (4) of ‘tone’ of surrounding tissue counteracting venous pooling

A
  • Particularly the case for skeletal muscle, because it can alter it’s tensile state
  • resting muscle tone varies between individuals
  • Muscle tone acts to stiffen the veins - makes them less compliant and prone to pooling
  • Some people prone to fainting have low muscle tone and excessive venous pooling
66
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump affect ‘venous return’ to the heart?

A
  • Muscle relaxed = low pressure
  • Muscle contracted = high pressure
  • Muscle contraction increase venous blood flow
  • Increased venous return means increase stroke volume
67
Q

Features (3) of Starlings law of the heart

A
  • The more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction, the stronger the contraction will be
  • ↑ in stroke volume (mL) = ↑ ventricular volume (mL) at end of diastole - increasing venous return
  • ↑ venous return means ↑ stroke volume

HUBS 192 (9 decks)

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