Random Flashcards
Explain what forces act to maintain the resting membrane potential in a neuron
the resting potential of a neuron reflects a balancing act between 2 opposing forces that drive K+ in and out of the neuron.
1) Diffusion: high concentration of K+ diffuses into the region of low concentration until equilibrium is achieved
2. electrostatic pressure: K+ is attracted to the area where it is more negative
3. sodium-potassium pump: Pumps 3 sodium molecules out of cell for every 2 potassium pumped in
Describe the sequence of events that take place during an action potential
i. 1. Open K+ channels create resting potential
i. 2. Any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold -40 mV
ill. 3. At threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, causing a rapid change of polarity- the action potential
iv. 4. Na+ channels close automatically; gated K+ channels open, repolarizing and even hyperpolarizing the cell (afterpotential)
v. 5. All gated channels close. The cell returns to its resting potential
Your friend saw a news report about the dangers of eating puffer fish that hasn’t been properly cleaned. The report said that the toxin selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Explain to her why this toxin is problematic for
neuronal functioning.
This toxin prevents action potential conduction by blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the neuron. This prevents the nervous system from carrying messages and can lead to paralysis and death
You are searching how our brain respond to music
b)according to musical training history auditory cortex is required for discrimination between pitches. EEG of brain is tech by which we can discriminate
c) music memory take part in identification of wrong and right note in music passage.if u already hear music like music passage then our brain already formed the music note memory.at such time if any wrong note is olayed in music passage then it can easily identified by brain.
You are searching how our brain respond to music
- Temporal lobe has primary auditory area, so it is of interest for any activity in brain related to hearing.
- We can use MRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging). It us a non invasive procedure and activities can be visualised at the same time when any stimulus is provided or two different pitches are provided. If there is any activity seen in MRI in primary auditory area during the pitches, it means that it is necessary for differentiation.
- Again MRI can be used. We provide some music with mistake and see if there is any activity in frontal lobe and parietal lobe because it contains areas of thinking, planning like finding mistakes.
in?
b. You want to know whether activation in the primary auditory cortex is necessary for discriminating between two pitches. What method will you use to investigate this question and why?
A) I would be interested in the temporal lobe because it is responsible for processing auditory information.
B) To study this I would Use TMS to block certain neurons from communicating with each other in the auditory cortex to see if they are necessary for processing different auditory info.
C. As a tollow-Up experiment, you want to understand how quickly our brains can detect a mistake in a musical passage.
You plan to compare how the brain responds to musical passages with and without mistakes. What method will you use to investigate this question?
why?
C) I would use an EEG to see how fast the brain responds to the errors because it has good temporal resolutions and measures brain activity well.
d. You want to know more about how musical processing develops. Evaluate whether TMS, EEG/ERP, and fMRI could be used with a 2-year old. Please explain what each method would allow you to look at, in relation to musical processing. Are there methods you couldn’t use, or would be more challenging to use with the age-group? Why?
D) With the age group, an EEG would be good to measure their brain activity and development. TMS and fMRIs would not work very well because most parents would not consent to their kids using TMS and experiencing temporary lesions as well and the consequences might be greater. The data from an fMRI would not be fantastic from a toddler as it requires them to be motionless as it measures activity
Q# 4 quizlet answer
A) Dopamine is most closely related to the motivation and reward pathway
B) Presynaptically, the drug could stop voltage gated (Ca2+ or Na+) channels from opening, stopping an AP and preventing the release of the NT or it could block autoreceptors and keep more of the NT in the synapse for longer. Post synaptically, it could bock the receptor sites or bind to a diff part of the cell and either reverse the NT, act as an NT or block the NT, disrupting the messages or stopping them from traveling across the synapse
C) this phenomenon can be describes as the body building tolerance against the drug, it can be functional or metabollical??? In neurons NT receptors can be either up regulated or down regulated to reduce the amount/effect of the drug in the system.
Q# 4 chegg answer
a. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that is associated with motivation and reward pathway
b. Dopamine inhibition will be occured when extracellular dopamine will not able to receive by the postsynaptic neurons that will lead to blockage in the presynaptic neuron. The drug is creating the blockage at the dopamine transporters and therefore the accumulation of dopamine is more in the synaptic area, e.g Cocaine creates such blockage.Mostly CI- ions are involved in such transmission at the postsynaptic neuron area.
c. Drug tolerance is the terminology that is used for the drug effectiveness checking. The main reason could be the patient is becoming adaptable to the doses of the drug due to it’s repeated use and as a result he is further showing resistance for the prescribed drug.
