Random 1 Flashcards
What neuronal histopathologic changes are associated with shrinkage of the cell body, pyknosis of the nucleus, loss of nissl substance, and eosinophilic cytoplasm?
acute neuronal injury/red neuron - transient severe insult that leads to cell death
What neuronal histopathologic changes are associated with enlargement of the cell body, eccentric nucleus, enlargemetn of the nucleolus, and dispersion of the Nissl sybstance?
axonal reaction d/t loss of axon (axon is severed)
What neuronal histopathologic change is d/t loss of neurons and funcitonal groups of neurons and reactive gliosis?
neuronal atrophy d/t progressive degenerative disease
What psych disorder is characterized by mood Sx (major depressive, manic, or mixed) with concurrent Sx of schizophrenia with at least a 2w period of psychotic Sx (delusions or hallucinations) in the absence of prominent mood Sx)?
Schizoaffective disorder
What psych disorder is characterized by two+ delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, or negative Sx that are present for longer than 1 mo. but less than 6 mo.
Schizophreniform disorder
What kind of muscle type are paraspinal muscle characterized as?
Type I - slow twitch required to perform actions requiring low-level sustaining force like postural maintenance
What muscle fiber type are pec major, LD, biceps brachii, and deltoid more composed of
Type II - required for rapid forceful pulses of movement
What are 3 cytogenic abnormalities that can produce Down sydrome?
- Trisomy 21
- Unbalanced Robertsonian ttranslocations
3 Mosaicism.
What is pituitary apoplexy and how does it present?
hemorrhage into a preexisting pituitary adenoma - pt presents with acute, severe headache, ophthalmoplegia, and altered snesorium
What is the pathophysiology of Sheehan syndrome?
stimulatory effect of high E during pregnancy causes pituitary gland to become enlarged and vasculature; if postpartum hemorrhage occurs and causes hypotension while pituitary is enlarged, it can undergo necrosis and cause panhypopituitarism
-also commonly present with hypothyroidism and hypocortisolism
Which opioid effects are most resistant to tolerance development?
constipation and miosis
How do sulfonylureas work as “antidiabetic” meds?
they directly bind to the regulatory subunits of KATP channels causing them to close and depolarize the cell so that Ca2+ can come in and stimulate release of insulin
What is the regulatory substance that stimulates KATP channel closure in insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells?
ATP
What does CREST syndrome stand for?
calcinosis, raynaud sydrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia
What is the pathogenesis of CREST syndrome?
unknown pathogen stimulates accumulation of CD4 lymphocytes which secrete biologically-active substances and stimulate fibroplasts to produce collagen
What is the hallmark of systemic sclerosis seen in CREST syndrome?
excessive tissue fibrosis
What is the pathogenesis of esophageal dysmotility in CREST?
it is a result of atrophy and fibrous replacement of esophageal muscles - esophageal body and LES become atonic and dilated, resulting in severe reflux - main Sx are heartburn, regurgitation, and risk of dysphagiea
What two things can esophageal dysmotility increase the risk of?
Barret esophagus and esophageal dysmotility d/t esophageal dilation which causes reflux
Where is elastase derived from in the lungs?
It is a neutral protease contained in macrophage lysosomes and in large azurophil granules of the neutrophils
-normally it is balanced by antielastase activity of serum a1 antitrypsin
What type of cells constitute over 95% of the epithelial lining of alveoli?
Type I pneumocytes
What type of cells secrete phsopholipid species, including dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine which is the major components of pulmonary surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes
What are non-ciliated, secretory constituents of the terminal respiratory epithelium which secrete proteins that inhibit neutrophil recruitment and activation?
Clara cells
What secretes mucin in the alveoli?
goblet cells
What is the Haldane effect?
binding of O2 to Hb drives the release of H+ and CO2 from Hb in lungs
What is the Bohr effect?
high concentrations of CO2 and H+ facilitate oxygen unloading from Hb in peripheral tissues
What does number needed to harm represent?
number of people that must be treated for one adverse event to occur
NNH = 1/attributable risk
Who do you calculate attributable risk?
adverse event rate in Tx group - adverse event rate in placebo
What are the motor and sensory innervations of the musculocutaneous nerve?
flexor muscles of the upper arm (biceps brachi, coracobrachialis, and brachialis) and sensory innervation ot lateral forearm
What Sx present with Conn syndrome/primary hyperaldosteronism?
Na+ retention and K+ excretion - hypertension and hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis. This can cause muscle weakness and paresthesias d/t hypokalemia
What is the MOA of vinca alkaloids?
inhibit microtubule polymerization after binding to B-tubulin which prevents synthesis of mitotic spindle in deviding cells - leads to failure of division and cell death
What is the main side effect of vincristine?
peripheral neuropathy
What chemotherapeutic agents are associated with burning on urination and urgency?
cyclophosphamide or isofosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis
What chemotherapeutic agents are associated wtih leg swelling and orthopnea?
Doxorubicin - an anthracycline antibiotic and chemotherapeutic intercalating agent
What chemotherapeutic agent is associated with dry cough and extertional dyspnea/pulmonary fibrosis?
bleomycin
What chemotherapeutic agent is most associated with tarry stool?
alkylating agents
What drug is associated with abdominal pain and jaundice?
mercaptopurine
How does nitroglycerin administration bypass first pass effects?
tablets are given sublignally
