Neuro 3 Flashcards
Chronic toxicity d/t overdose of this vitamin include alopecia, dry skin, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity, hepatosplenomegaly, and visual difficulties
Vitamin A
Teratogenic effects of excessive ingestion of this vitamin leads to microcephaly, cardiac anomalies, and fetal death
Vitamin A
Pt is an older, mentally slow woman of northern European descent who is “lemon colored” (anemic and icteric), has a smooth shiny tongue indicative of atrophic glossitis, and demonstrates a shfuffling broad-based gait. What vitamin deficiency is she most likely experiencing?
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Deficiency of what vitamin is characterized by cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization, and ariboflavinosis?
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Differentiate between delirium and dementia with regard to:
- Onset
- Consciousness
- Course
- Prognosis
- Memory impairment
- Onset: acute in delirium vs. gradual in dementia
- Consciousness: impaired in delirium vs. intact in dementia
- Course: fluctuating Sx in delirium vs. progressieve decline in dementia
- Prognosis: reversible Sx in delirium vs. irreversible Sx in dementia
- Memory impairment: global in delirium vs. remote memory spared in dementia
What metabolite is derived from Val, Ile, Met, and Thr, odd-numbered FAs, and cholesterol side chans that is involved in the conversion to methylmalonic acid –> succiniyl CoA –> enter into the TCA cycle?
propionyl CoA
Congenital deficiency of what enzyme intermediate of BCAAs leads to poor feeding, vomiting, hypotonia, lethargy, dehydration, and anion gap acidosis?
propionyl CoA carboxylase: converts propionyl CoA -> MMA
What kind of herniation occurs when the anterior medial temporal lobe herniates through the gap between the crus cerebri and the tentorium (free margin of the tnetorium cerebelli)?
Transtentorial (uncal) herniation
What kind of herniation occurs when the cingulate gyrus hernates under the falx cerebri? What vessel may be compressed?
Subfalcine herniation - may compress ACA
What kind of herniation occurs when the cerebellar tonsils displace through the foramen magnum? What structure may be compressed?
Tonsillar herniation - may compress medulla
What are 4 main structures that are likely to be compressed with an uncal herniation?
- Ipsilateral CN III - down and out
- Ipsilateral PCA - contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing
- Contralateral cerebral peduncle against tentorium - damge to contralateral CST leads to ipsilateral hemiparesis
- Brainstem hemorrhages in pons and midbrain d/t stretching and rupture of basilar artery - fatal
What defense mechanism is the unconscious belief that people are either wholly good or holly bad? What is a hallmark of?
Splitting - hallmark of borderline personality disorderq
A stroke in what area would be characterized by total sensory loss on the contralateral side of the body in addition to proprioception defects leading to falls?
thalamus (VPL or VPM)
intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) originates from a highly cellular and vascularized layer in the subventricular zone from which neurons and glial cells migrate out during brain development known as
germinal matrix
A fragile germinal matrix in a low birth weight baby d/t complication of prematurity leading to long-term neurodevelopment impairment can cause
neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage
What is a long-term complication of hydrocephalus in infants?
lower extremity spasticity d/t stretching of the periventricular pyramidal tracts, visual disturbances, and learning disabilities
What molecular locally dissociates dsDNA into ssDNA?
DnaA
what molecule binds ssDNA at the origin of replication, moves into the repication fork, and then proceeds to separate and uniwind the dsDNA?
helicase
What are 3 extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics?
acute dystonic reaction: sudden-onset sustained muscle contractions
akathisia: subjective restlessness with inability to sit still
drug-induced parkinsonism: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, masked facies
What term describes involuntary movements after chronic use of antipsychotics?
tardive dyskinesia
What term describes fever, rigidity, mental status changes, and autonomic instability as an antipsychotic side effect?
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Which opioid narcotic works through partial agonist activity and weak antagonist activity at mu receptors which can cause withdrawal Sx in pts who are dependent or tolerant to morphine or other opioids?
Pentazocine