COMBANK Random 1 Flashcards
What ligament may be torn in an injury to the medial knee? What test finding will confirm this?
- lateral collateral ligament
- varus stress test: abnormal passive adduction of the lower leg
How do you perform the varus stress test test?
the examiner places one hand on the medial knee and grasps the lateral ankle with the other hand and the lower leg is then adducted; pain and excessive laxity indicate injury to the LCL
What ligament may be torn in an injury to the lateral knee? What test finding will confirm this?
- medial collateral ligament
- valgus stress test: abnormal passive abduction of the lower leg
How do you perform the valgus test?
the examiner places on hand on the lateral knee and grasps the medial ankle with the other hand and the lower leg is then abducted; pain and excessive laxity indicate injury to the LCL
What ligament prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia?
ACL
also prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur
What ligament prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia?
PCL
also prevents posterior displacement of tibia and femur
What nerve will be damaged with a fracture of the head and neck of the fibula?
common peroneal n.
What is supplied by the common peroneal n.
deep peroneal n.: anterior compartment of leg
superficial peroneal n.: lateral compartment of leg
What innervates extensor hallicis longus?
deep peroneal n.
Injury to what nerve can cause foot drop?
common peroneal n.
What are the 4 recommended treatments for a pregnant pt with gestational diabetes?
labetalol, hydralazine, nifedipine, or methyldopa
Why is nitroprusside contraindicated in pregnancy?
possibility of fetal cyanide poisoning
What physical finding of the breast is secondary to obstruction of the superficial subcuticular lymphatic vessels along with erythema and edema?
peau d’orange
What can cause extensive breast dimpling without erythema nor edema with invasive ductal carcinoma?
fibrosis of ligaments of cooper leading to contraction of ligaments
What is a proliferative breast condition without atypia with lesions that compress and distort ducts d/t increased acini and intralobular fibrosis?
Sclerosing adenosis
What is characterized by eczematous patches on the nipple that suggest underlying breast carcinoma, usually invasive ductal carcinoma?
Paget disease of the breast
What physical finding can be seen when a tumor invades the central region of the breast and in invasive breast cancer?
nipple inversion
What deficiency presents as fine fragile silvery hair, depigmentation of the skin, muscle weakness, neurological abnormalities, and hepatosplenomegaly?
copper deficiency
Why is copper deficiency associated with osteoporosis and skin depigmentation?
osteoporosis: defective collagen
skin depigmentation: dysfunctional melanin synthesis from Cu-dependent tyrosinase
Why does consumption of raw eggs lead to biotin deficiency?
egg white contain a protein called avidin that combines tightly with biotin and prevents its absorption
What vitamin deficiency results in depression, hallucinations, muscle pain, brittle hair, allpecia, dermatitis, enteritis, and erythematous perioral macular rash?
biotin
What vitamin deficiency results in stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, irritability, confusion, microcytic hypochromic sideroblastic anemia and depression?
Pyridoxine (B6)
What is an antioxidant and cofactor for glutathione peroxidase; where a deficiency results in dilated cardiomyopathy, muscle pain, and weakness?
Selenium
What deficiency results in growth retardation, hypogonadism, infertility, dysgeusia, diarrhea, poor wound healing, and impaired cellular immunity?
Zinc
What TB drug is associated with optic neuropathy and red-green color blindness? What is its MOA?
Ethambutol - prevents mycolic acid cell-wall synthesis
What mycobacterial infection does Dapsone Tx? What are SE of Dapsone?
M. leprae
Se: dose-dependent hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
What TB drug is associated with neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity?
Isoniazide
What TB drug is associated with secretion of orange body fluids
Rifampin
What TB drug is associated with ototoxicity?
Streptomycin
What drug inhibits renal organic anion transporters and is responsible for prolonging the half-life of penicillins and anti-viral drugs?
Probenecid
What drug inhibits dihydropeptidase I to decrease renal excretion of imipenem?
Cilastatin
What is Winter’s formula used for and how do you calculate it?
- appropriate respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis
- PCO2 = [(HCO3-x1.5) + 8] +/- 2
What syndrome is characterized by hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets in a pregnant pt? What is the cure?
HELLP - delivery of the etus
What mineral toxicity includes loss of DTRs, respiratory paralysis, and coma?
Mg2+
What should you always check when treating a pt with MgSO4?
deep tendon reflexes
What is T-score and how is it used to define osteoporosis?
T-score is an indicator of bone density compared with a 30yo pt of the same sex.
Normal: -1 or greater
Osteopenia: -1 to -2.5
Osteoporosis: < -2.5
What is Type IIa familial dyslipidemia and how does it manifest?
hypercholesterolemia: increased LDL and total cholesterol
What is Type I familial dyslipidemia and how does it manifest?
hyperchylomicronemia: increased chylomicrons with increases in TG and cholesterol
What is Type IIb dyslipidemia and how does it manifest?
Combined hyperlipidemia: increased LDL, VLDL, TGs, and cholesterol
What is Type III familial dyslipidemia and how does it manifest?
Dysbetalipoproteinemia: increased IDL, VLDL, TG, and cholesterol
What is Type V familial hyperlipidemia?
Mixed hypertriglyceridemia: increased VLDL, chylomicroins, TGs, and cholesterol
What is the genetic basis of hypercholesterolemia?
genetic decrease of LDL receptors, causing failure to properly uptake cholesterol from the blood
What is the genetic basis of hyperchylomicronemia?
lipoprotein lipase deficiency
What is the genetic basis of combined hyperlipidemia?
hepatic overproduction of VLDL
What is the genetic basis of dysbetalipoproteinemia?
altered apolipoprotein E
What is the genetic basis of mixed hypertriglyceridemia?
increased production and decreased clearance of LDL and chylomicrons
