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RAjan 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pure tones can be approximated by the sound of a:

  1. piano.
  2. guitar.
  3. trumpet.
  4. flute.
A

flute.

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2
Q

A curve showing the minimum amplitude at which sounds can be detected at each frequency
is known as the _____.

audibility curve
absolute threshold curve
harmonic curve
fundamental frequency curve

A

audibility curve

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3
Q

The cochlea is located in the:

outer ear.
middle ear.
inner ear.
dendrites.

A

inner ear.

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4
Q

The _____ forms an air-tight seal between the outer ear and the middle ear and vibrates in
response to the sound waves that strike it.

Eustachian tube
oval window
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane

A

tympanic membrane

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5
Q

In addition to the tectorial membrane, the three critical components of the organ of Corti
consist of :

the incus and the stapes.
the basilar membrane and Reissner’s membrane.
the inner hair cells and outer hair cells.
the tympanic membrane and the auditory nerve.

A

the inner hair cells and outer hair cells.

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6
Q

Presbycusis is NOT caused by:

lifelong exposure to loud noise.
an infection in the middle ear.
head trauma.
smoking and alcohol abuse.

A

an infection in the middle ear.

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7
Q

The _____ is a part of the vocal tract that contains the vocal folds and is also known as the
voice box.

larynx
velum
pharynx
uvula

A

larynx

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8
Q

In the perception of speech sounds, when auditory and visual stimuli conflict, the auditory
system tends to compromise on a perception that shares features with both the seen and the
heard stimuli. This phenomenon is called:

manner of articulation.
coarticulation.
categorical perception.
the McGurk effect.

A

the McGurk effect.

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9
Q

In the perception of speech sounds, the McGurk effect occurs when _____ and _____ conflict.

  1. voice onset time; voice offset time
  2. olfaction; gustation
  3. auditory stimulus; visual stimulus
  4. categorical perception; continuous perception
A
  1. auditory stimulus; visual stimulus
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10
Q

Betsy was listening to the radio. She did not realize that a phoneme in the announcer’s speech
had been replaced by a coughing sound. The fact that she seemed to perceive the missing
speech sounds illustrates:

a phonemic boundary.
harmonicity.
phonemic restoration.
the McGurk effect.

A

phonemic restoration.

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11
Q

_____ refers to an impairment in speech production or comprehension, or both, caused by
damage to speech centers in the brain.

  1. Phonophobia
  2. Aphasia
  3. Amusia
  4. Adipsia
A
  1. Aphasia
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12
Q

The French physician Pierre Paul Broca described two patients with damage to a region in the:

  1. left superior temporal cortex and largely impaired ability to comprehend speech.
  2. left superior temporal cortex and largely impaired ability to produce speech.
  3. left inferior frontal cortex and largely impaired ability to comprehend speech.
  4. left inferior frontal cortex and largely impaired ability to produce speech.
A
  1. left inferior frontal cortex and largely impaired ability to produce speech.
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13
Q

Carl Wernicke, the German neurologist, described patients with damage to a region in the:

  1. left superior temporal cortex with deficits in speech comprehension.
  2. left superior temporal cortex with deficits in speech production.
  3. left inferior frontal cortex with deficits in speech comprehension.
  4. left inferior frontal cortex with deficits in speech production.
A
  1. left superior temporal cortex with deficits in speech comprehension.
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14
Q

Julia met with a road accident. After the accident, she was able to understand what other people spoke. However, she was able to produce only a few words of speech. The accident has MOST likely destroyed her _____ frontal cortex.

right inferior
right superior
left superior
left inferior

A

left inferior

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15
Q

In the context of speech-related neural signals, the ventral pathway is involved in speech _____
and the dorsal pathway is involved in speech _____.

  1. perception; production
  2. production; perception
  3. impairments; perception
  4. production; impairments
A
  1. perception; production
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16
Q

_____ refers to a profound impairment in perceiving and remembering melodies and in distinguishing one melody from another.

  1. Amusia
  2. Absolute pitch
  3. Aphasia
  4. Dynamics
17
Q

In automatic speech recognition systems, which is the CORRECT sequence of steps for
recognizing speech?

  1. hypothesis search acoustic modeling front-end processing
  2. hypothesis search front-end processing acoustic modeling
  3. front-end processing acoustic modeling hypothesis search
  4. acoustic modeling front-end processing hypothesis search
A
  1. front-end processing acoustic modeling hypothesis search
18
Q

In automatic speech recognition systems, which step filters out noise from the environment
and accounts for differences between speakers?

hypothesis search
front-end processing
linguistic search
acoustic modeling

A

acoustic modeling

19
Q

_____ pain occurs when chemical substances released by tissue damage either activate pain
receptors directly or reduce their threshold.

Neuropathic
Inflammatory
Nociceptive
Thermoreceptive

A

Inflammatory

20
Q

Cold fibers are found in the:

  1. epidermis and respond to extreme joint angles.
  2. dermis and respond to a wide range of pain stimuli.
  3. epidermis and dermis and respond to changes in muscle length.
  4. epidermis and dermis and sense sudden temperature changes in the environment.
A
  1. epidermis and dermis and sense sudden temperature changes in the environment.
21
Q

The somatosensory cortex is found in the:

  1. spinal cord.
  2. posterior parietal lobe.
  3. anterior parietal lobe
  4. ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
A
  1. anterior parietal lobe
22
Q

A full somatotopic map of the body can be found in which area of the brain?

  1. the anterior singulate cortex
  2. the hypothalamus
  3. the thalamus
  4. the somatosensory cortex
A
  1. the somatosensory cortex
23
Q

Which statement is NOT true of acquired anosmia?

  1. The ability to smell odors is lost.
  2. The ability to taste flavors is diminished.
  3. Mood changes, such as depression, can occur.
  4. This condition is irreversible.
A
  1. This condition is irreversible.
24
Q

Which statement is TRUE of odorants?

They always evoke a response regardless of their concentration.
All species of animals detect the same odorants
A single substance, such as a rose, will emit many different odorants
Odorant molecules with similar structures always smell the same

A

A single substance, such as a rose, will emit many different odorants

25
Q

Which statement is TRUE of the relationship between olfaction and cigarette smoking?

  1. The ability to identify odors decreases with the number of years spent smoking
  2. A smoker’s ability to identify odors is worse compared to nonsmokers, but it is not
  3. impacted by the number of years the person has smoked.
  4. Smoking does not impact the ability to identify odors.
  5. Smoking permanently damages a person’s ability to identify odors.
A
  1. The ability to identify odors decreases with the number of years spent smoking
26
Q

When a person has reduced sensitivity to odorants that are chemically similar to odorants to
which the person has been repeatedly exposed, the phenomenon is called:

adaptation
cross-adaptation
assimilation
accommodation

A

cross-adaptation

27
Q

The fact that there are many more types of olfactory receptor neurons than types of color
cones in vision indicates that:

  1. each ORN can respond to only one specific odorant.
  2. olfactory receptor neurons can be more narrowly tuned than cones.
  3. olfactory receptor neurons can be more broadly tuned than cones.
  4. the neural codes for odors and colors cannot be meaningfully compared.
A
  1. olfactory receptor neurons can be more narrowly tuned than cones.
28
Q

The _____ is the only brain region that both receives signals directly from the olfactory bulb and
is known to be dedicated solely to olfaction.

entorhinal cortex
amygdala
piriform cortex
hypothalamus

A

piriform cortex

29
Q

Research has shown that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in:

  1. perceptually identifying specific odors.
  2. representing the emotional dimensions of odor perception.
  3. perceptually identifying general categories of odors.
  4. producing representations of the quality of an odor.
A
  1. representing the emotional dimensions of odor perception.
30
Q

Since the olfactory pathway includes the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and the hippocampus,
odor-evoked memories tend to be:

quickly acquired.
slowly acquired and short lived.
slowly acquired, emotionally neutral, and short lived.
quickly acquired, long lasting, and emotionally charged.

A

slowly acquired and short lived.

31
Q

The tingling sensation produced by _____ contributes to flavor via the trigeminal sense.

candies
brussels sprouts
potato chips
carbonated beverages

A

carbonated beverages

32
Q

Which statement about taste receptor cells is FALSE?

They are elongated neurons, packed within taste buds.
They last for about a week and are then replaced.
They transduce odorants into neural signals.
They are of two types.

A

They transduce odorants into neural signals.

33
Q

Neural signals that originate in the taste receptor cells and are transmitted via three cranial
nerves travel first to the:

  1. orbitofrontal cortex.
  2. nucleus of the solitary tract.
  3. ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus.
  4. primary taste cortex.
A
  1. nucleus of the solitary tract.
34
Q

Mario eats a chocolate donut and then gulps down a glass of lemonade. The drink tastes
somewhat sour. This is an example of:

adaptation.
cross-adaptation.
sensory-specific satiety.
metabolic signaling.

A

metabolic signaling.

35
Q

_____ is a reduction in appetite for food.

Adaptation
Satiety
Cross-adaptation
Olfaction

36
Q

In an experiment, knockout mice without the ability to taste sweetness were conditioned over a period of six days. On the first day, they were allowed to sip from a sugar-water spout placed on one side of the chamber. On the second day, they were allowed to sip from a plain-water
spout placed on the other side of the chamber. After the six days of conditioning, both spouts were made available again. The spouts delivered only plain water. The mice exhibited a strong preference for the spout that had previously delivered the sugar water. This implies that the mice had:

  1. learned to recognize and prefer the nutritious sugar water.
  2. developed the PAV version of a gene used to code for a specific taste receptor.
  3. developed the AVI version of a gene used to code for a specific taste receptor.
A
  1. learned to recognize and prefer the nutritious sugar water.
37
Q

Artificial sweeteners:

help people lose weight.
lower blood glucose levels.
signal the presence of protein in food.
activate the primary taste cortex and orbitofrontal cortex more than sugar does.

A

lower blood glucose levels.

Perseption (12 decks)

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