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Diagnostics > Radiology I - Chest > Flashcards

Radiology I - Chest Flashcards

1
Q

CXR indications

A

To evaluate suspected abnormalities of heart & lungs

  • Chest pain
  • SOB
  • Cough
  • Hemoptysis
  • Traumatic injury
  • Postive TB test
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2
Q

Advantages of CXR

A
  • Excellent eval of heart & lungs
  • Quick & cheap
  • Low radiation dose
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3
Q

Disadvantages of CXR

A
  • Does use radiation
  • Challenging in large, uncooperative pts
  • Interpretation requires experience
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4
Q

U/s

A

Sound waves sent out by a probe, bounce back, creating an image on a monitor

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5
Q

CT scan

A

X-ray radiation sent out in a 3D fashion & reconstructed by a computer into 3D images

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6
Q

MRI

A
  • Magnetic fields & radio frequency emissions combine to create 3D images
  • Usually 2-3 planes
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7
Q

Nuclear medicine

A

Broad range of tests - injecting radioactive isotopes into the body & then imaging this

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8
Q

Black areas on CXR

A

More radiation passes through

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9
Q

White areas on CXR

A

More radiation absorbed

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10
Q

X-ray densities

A

From least to most dense:

  • Air/lung
  • Fat
  • Soft tissue density
  • Bone/calcification
  • Metal
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11
Q

Pulmonary TB

A
  • Asymptomatic carriers
  • Difficult & long tx
  • Developing resistance
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12
Q

Primary TB infection

A
  • Can be clinically silent

- Or can look like pneumonia w/ pleural effusion (nonspecific appearance)

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13
Q

Post-primary TB

A
  • Aka. reactivation or secondary
  • May develop lung cavities in upper lungs
  • Often re-ignites due to relative immunocompromised
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14
Q

Most common etiologies of lung cavity

A
  • TB
  • Valley Fever
  • Cancer (esp. squamous cell)
  • Inflammatory conditions (Wegener’s Disease)
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15
Q

Atelectasis

A
  • Lung collapse
  • Difficult to distinguish from pneumonia
  • Long term chronic atelectasis = lung scarring
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16
Q

Intrinsic causes of atelectasis

A
  • Mucous
  • Foreign body
  • Poor inspiratory effect, hypoventilation
  • Lack of surfactant
17
Q

Extrinsic causes of atelectasis

A
  • Compressing mass
  • Compressing adenopathy
  • Misplaced ET tube
18
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Accumulation of fluid in pleural space

- Lateral radiograph has higher sensitivity than frontal

19
Q

Pleural space

A

Potential space btwn lung & chest wall

20
Q

Pleural effusion ddx

A
  • Transudate
  • Exudate
  • Air
  • Blood
  • Infection/pus
  • Tumor
  • Chronic scarring
21
Q

Pleural plaques

A
  • Soft tissue thickening & calcification

- Can be related to asbestos

22
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in pleural space

23
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A
  • Emergency
  • Imminent risk of cardiopulmonary collapse
  • Tx: Needle thoracotomy at 2nd rib space, mid-clavicular line
24
Q

Pulmonary edema

A
  • Movement of fluid from pulmonary venous system into lungs

- Exists on a spectrum from pulmonary venous HTN (lower pressures) to frank pulmonary edema (higher pressures)

25
Q

Pulmonary edema

A
  • Movement of fluid from pulmonary venous system into lungs

- Exists on a spectrum from pulmonary venous HTN (lower pressures) to frank pulmonary edema (higher pressures)

26
Q

Stages of CHF

A
  1. Cardiomegaly
  2. Pulmonary venous HTN
  3. Pulmonary interstitial edema
  4. Pulmonary alveolar edema
27
Q

PA chest (pathway)

A

x-ray source –> posterior –> anterior –> detector

  • Heart shadow is smaller
  • < 50% of thoracic width
28
Q

AP chest (pathway)

A

x-ray source –> anterior –> posterior –> detector

- < 55-60% of thoracic width

29
Q

Calcified pulmonary nodule

A
  • Benign, no further f/u

- Calcified nodule = granuloma

30
Q

Non-calcified pulmonary nodule

A
  • < 3cm = nodule
  • > or = 3cm = mass
  • Large nodule > 0.8cm or growing –> biopsy &/or PET/CT
31
Q

Chest trauma

A
  • CXR are insensitive to rib fractures

- RIB FILMS are done to evaluate rib fractures

32
Q

Lines & tubes

A
  • CXRs are commonly used to confirm line placement
33
Q

Chest CT advantages

A
  • Excellent eval of most structures of chest

- Fast

34
Q

Chest CT disadvantages

A
  • Higher radiation dose

- Cost

35
Q

Cause of cardiogenic pulmonary edema (true CHF)

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure at the pulmonary capillary level
  • Water is forced from high to low pressure
36
Q

Cause of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

A
  • Increased permeability at the pulmonary capillary level
  • Water is able to leak out
  • Look identical to true CHF on radiograph

Diagnostics (11 decks)

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