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3A PAEDS > Radiology and Immunology > Flashcards

Radiology and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

R: How does Paeds radiology/imaging differ from adults

A

1) Growth plates
2) Size
3) Skull sutures (Fontanels..)
4) Ossification
5) Congenital problems (Detrocardia, osteogenesis imperfecta)

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2
Q

What circumstances would indicate an abdo XR?

A

1) Abdominal distension e.g. obstruction
2) Abdominal pain of unknown cause
3) Constipation

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3
Q

What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR
BCG
Rotavirus (oral vaccine)

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4
Q

What are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Influenza
Diptheria

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5
Q

What are 5 vaccine preventable diseases?

A

1) Mumps, Measles, Rubella
2) Diptheria
3) Whooping cough
4) Polio
5) Tetanus

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6
Q

What virus causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza

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7
Q

What are 2 respiratory infections common in Paeds?

A

1) Bronchiolitis
2) Croup

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8
Q

What are the main signs of Bronchiolitis?

A

1) Recurrent cough
2) Noisy breathing
3) Crackle/wheeze
4) Use of resp. muscles

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9
Q

What virus causes Bronchiolitis?

A

MAIN: RSV
Others: Rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza

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10
Q

What is croup aka?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis
(Trachea, Larynx and Bronchi affected)

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11
Q

LP: Raised proteins and lowered glucose. What type of infection?

A

Bacterial

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12
Q

What are the main signs of immune deficiency?

A

1) Frequent infections
2) Infection with unusual organisms
3) Severe infections
4) Failure to thrive

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13
Q

What is a septic screen?

A

Tool used to check for infection (particularly Meningitis)
1) Urine sample
2) LP
3) Blood tests

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14
Q

Why does a child with meningococcal septicaemia develop rash?

A

1) Blood toxins damage vessels
2) Vasculitis formed
3) Bleeding into SubCut Tis
4)Thrombosis and DIC -> Purpuric Rash

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15
Q

What can be given as meningitis prophylaxis?

A

1) Rifampicin
2) Ciprofloxacin

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16
Q

What are common URTI?

A

1) MOUTH: Rhinitis
EAR: Otitis Media
2) THROAT: Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis, Laryngitis

17
Q

What are common LRTI?

A

1) Bronchitis
2) Croup
3) Epiglottitis
4) Tracheitis
5) Bronchiolitis
6) Pneumonia

18
Q

Why would a Bronchiolitic pt be tachypnoeic and hypoxic?

A

Inflammation of area where gas exchange takes place impairing function
(Bronchitis not as above this in conducting area)

19
Q

What are 3 signs of Bronchitis?

A

1) Cough (Chronic)
2) Cough most worse at night
3) No fever

20
Q

Why are infants more highly susceptible to descending infections?

A

Infants have a poor innate immune response and so are more susceptible to descending infections.

21
Q

What are LRTI caused by RSV?

A

1) Bronchiolitis (Acute)
2) Wheezy Bronchitis
3) Pneumonia
4) Croup
5) Asthma exacerbation

22
Q

What antibiotics would you prescribe empirically to reduce the risk of neonatal infections in a pre-term baby?

A

Benzylpenicillin (50mg/kg BD).
Gentamicin (5mg/Kg OD).

23
Q

What bacteria commonly causes meningitis in children?

A

-Neonates: GBS, E.coli, lysteria monocytogenes.
- 1m -> 6 years: Neisseria meningitidis, S.pneumoniae, H.influenzae.
- > 6 years: Neisseria meningitidis.

24
Q

What investigations /treatment might you do on a child who you suspect has meningitis?

A

INV: Thorough history and examination, Blood cultures, Lumbar puncture, EDTA blood for PCR.
Treat: IV ceftriaxone (80mg/kg/od) or cefotaxime (50mg/kg/tds).
- Prophylaxis is needed to prevent further spread.
Dexamethasone is given to reduce swelling.

25
Q

What are bacterial organisms that commonly cause pneumonia in children.

A

Group B strep in neonates.
S.pneumoniae.
H.influenzae.
K.pneumoniae.
M.pnuemoniae.

26
Q

What are some signs of pneumonia?

A

Fever.
Miserable.
Rapid breathing.
Cough.
Poor feeding.
Lethargy.

27
Q

What investigations might you do in a child who you suspect has pneumonia?

A

CXR: look for consolidation.
Blood cultures.
It is often difficult to get a sputum sample.

28
Q

What is treatment plan for pneumonia?

A

If acutely unwell: IV benzylpenicillin.

If stable: PO amoxicillin.

29
Q

What is most common cause of UTI?

A

E. Coli

30
Q

What are the main signs of UTI in children?

A

Fever.
Miserable.
Vomiting.
Dysuria.

31
Q

What investigations done for a UTI?

A

Urine dip.
MCS on clean catch urine. A sample can also be obtained using an in-out catheter.
USS KUB.
DMSA - renal scarring.
MCUG - reflux.

32
Q

How would UTI be treated if caused by ESBL E. Coli?

A

You would give meropenem.

ESBL bacteria are resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins.

3A PAEDS (18 decks)

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