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Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Milliampere (mA)

A

AMOUNT or number of electrons

Measures the AMOUNT of current passing through the wires of the circuit

The AMOUNT of x-rays produced

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2
Q

Kilovolt peak (kVp)

A

The power or speed of electrons

Determines the PENETRATING ability

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3
Q

What is the yoke?

A

Connects extension arm and tube head

Can revolve 360 degrees

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4
Q

High kVp vs low kVp

A

High kVp= long scale contrast(many shade of black and white)

Low kVp=short scale contrast (few shades of black and white)

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5
Q

Direct current

A

Electricity continuously flows in one direction

*Good for DIGITAL radiography

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6
Q

Alternating current

A

Changes direction of flow 60x/second

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7
Q

What do most dental xray units operate on

A

110-120 V alternating current

7mA-15mA

65kVp-100kVp

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8
Q

Voltage

A

The electrical pressure between two electrical charges

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9
Q

Step-down transformer

A

Decreases voltage

Heats filament and produces electron cloud

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10
Q

Step-up transformer

A

Increases voltage

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11
Q

What percent of energy is converted to x-rays and what percent is lost in heat

A

1% converts to X-ray

99% loss is heat

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12
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Any radiation that produces ions

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13
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Movement of wave-like energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic field

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14
Q

How are wavelength and frequency related

A

Inversely

Long wavelength= low frequency

Short wavelength=high frequency

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15
Q

Velocity

A

The speed of the wave

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16
Q

Compton effect

A

Causes x-rays to scatter in all directions

Called Secondary radiation

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17
Q

Coherent scattering is also known as

A

Thompson scattering

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18
Q

What is the occupational exposure limit in one year

A

50 mSv (5rem)

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19
Q

What is the occupational lifetime exposure limit

A

10mSv x age

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20
Q

Pregnant Dental personnel occupational exposure limit is

A

0.5 mSv/month

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21
Q

General public is permitted how much radiation in one year

A

5mSv (0.5rem)

22
Q

Organs with high radiosensitivity

A

Lymphoid organs, bone marrow, ovaries, small intestine, fetal cells

23
Q

Organs with low radiosensitivity

A

Muscle, brain, spinal cord

24
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

25
Q

What is the single most effective method of reducing radiation to the patient

A

Rectangular collimator

Reduces radiation up to 70%***

26
Q

Federal regulations state the X-ray beam needs to be how far from the skin surface

A

2.75 in or 7cm

27
Q

How thick is the added filtration (aluminum discs in the pathway of the X-ray beam)

A

0.5mm

28
Q

Is a longer or shorter PID more safe

A

Long PID= less radiation

29
Q

How much thickness of lead needs to be in the lead apron and thyroid collar

A

0.25 mm

30
Q

What is the second most effective method of reducing radiation to the patient

A

Film speed

Faster film=less radiation needed to expose it

31
Q

What is the correct distance away from the x-ray beam for the operator

A

6 feet at 90° to 135° from the head of the patient

32
Q

The walls blocking the x-ray should be

A

2.5-3 in of drywall

33
Q

Silver halide crystals

A

Retain the latent image when exposed to X-ray beam

larger the crystal=faster film speed***

Thicker emulsion= faster film speed

34
Q

Manual film processing steps

A

Develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry

35
Q

Automatic film processing steps

A

Develop, rinse, dry

36
Q

The Safelight should be a minimum of how far from the working area

A

4feet

37
Q

A white ceiling light may cause what to the film

A

Foggy film

38
Q

Inverse square law

A

I(1) D(2)^2
—— = ————
I(2) D(1)^2

I(1)=original intensity
I(2)= new intensity
D(1)= Original distance
D(2)= new distance

39
Q

SLOB rule

A

Same=lingual

Opposite=buccal

40
Q

The size and shape of the focal trough is determined by

A

The manufacturer

**Structures positioned outside of the focal trough will be blurred

41
Q

During a pano where should the tongue be placed

A

Roof of mouth

42
Q

On a panoramic x-ray if the chain is too low what will happen

A

Exaggerated smile appearance

43
Q

On a panoramic x-ray if the chin is too high what will happen

A

Frown appearance

44
Q

When the Patient’s chin is tipped too low on a panoramic x-ray the teeth on the anterior will be positioned how

A

Farther from the film

45
Q

What causes a black film

A

Light leaking

46
Q

An unexposed film will be what color

A

White

47
Q

What is the earliest clinical signs of radiation over exposure

A

Erythema

48
Q

If the kVp is set higher is there more or less scatter radiation

A

Less

49
Q

kVp effects what

mA effects what

A

kVp= contrast

mA=density

50
Q

If anterior teeth look short and fat, that means

A

The teeth were BEHIND the focal trough

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