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Respiratory > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What do the lung hila consist of?

A

Major bronchi and pulmonary veins/arteries

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2
Q

Are the hila symmetrical?

A

No

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3
Q

Are hilar lymph nodes normally visible?

A

No, only when abnormal

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4
Q

Which lung hila is higher?

A

Left

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5
Q

Which hemidiaphragm is higher?

A

Right

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6
Q

What is under the right hemidiaphragm?

A

Liver

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7
Q

What is under the left hemidiaphragm in a bean shape?

A

Stomach

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8
Q

What does the aortic knuckle depict?

A

Aortic arch

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9
Q

What part of the aorta can be seen following the aortic arch?

A

Descending (thoracic) aorta

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10
Q

What heart chamber forms the right heart border?

A

Right atrium

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11
Q

What heart chamber forms the left heart border?

A

Left ventricle

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12
Q

What can be seen branching off the right tracheal wall?

A

Azygous vein

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13
Q

What can cause a tracheal shift towards the affected lung?

A

Pneumothorax (not tension) or pneumonectomy

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14
Q

What can cause a tracheal shift away from the affected lung?

A

Tension pneumothorax or large pleural effusion

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15
Q

What does bilateral hilar enlargement suggest?

A

Sarcoidosis

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16
Q

What are some differentials of bilateral hilar enlargement?

A

Lymphoma, metastatic disease, infection

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17
Q

What is asymmetrical hilar enlargement (especially with pulmonary nodules) most likely to be?

A

Malignant metastases

18
Q

What is something which can be seen on a CXR which suggests previous cancer?

A

Mastectomy

19
Q

What part on a CXR can also be moved, similar to the trachea?

A

Lung hila

20
Q

What are 4 causes of consolidation?

A

Pneumonia (pus)
Oedema (fluid)
Haemorrhage (blood)
Cancer (cells)

21
Q

What are 3 causes of complete white out?

A

Consolidation, pneumonectomy or massive pleural effusion

22
Q

What is classed as a large pneumothorax?

A

Lung border more than 2cm away from the inner chest wall

23
Q

What does the loss of the right heart border suggest?

A

Right middle lobe consolidation

24
Q

When are both costophrenic angles blunt and hemidiaphragms flattened?

A

Lung hyperexpansion

25
Q

What are 2 causes of lung hyperexpansion?

A

COPD and alpha1 anti-trypsin deficiency

26
Q

What does the loss of ONLY the left heart border suggest?

A

Left upper lobe lingular consolidation

27
Q

What does the loss of BOTH the left heart border and obscured left hemi-diaphragm suggest?

A

Left lower lobe consolidation

28
Q

What is the first step of viewing a CXR?

A

Check patient details and date/time of CXR

29
Q

What is the second step of viewing a CXR?

A

Note the image projection

30
Q

If the image projection isn’t on the X-ray, what is it most likely to be/

A

Standard PA view

31
Q

What is step 3 of viewing a CXR?

A

Comment on image quality and presence of medical artefacts

32
Q

What are the 3 things considered when assessing image quality?

A

Rotation, inspiration, penetration

33
Q

How do you tell a CXR is not rotated?

A

The spine is in the midpoint between the medial ends of two clavicles

34
Q

How do you tell a CXR is on inspiration?

A

Ribs 5-7 anteriorly intersect hemi-diaphragm in the mid-clavicular line

35
Q

How do you tell a CXR is well penetrated?

A

The spine is visible behind the heart

36
Q

What words can be used to describe abnormalities?

A

Opacities, shadows or densities

37
Q

What should you mention when describing opacities?

A

Tissue involved (lung), size, side, number, distribution, position, shape

38
Q

What should you always check for when looking at a CXR?

A

Pneumothorax- always state your finding

39
Q

What are some features of a left lower collapse?

A
  • Displaced left oblique fissure
  • Obscured medial part of left hemi-diaphragm
  • Left hemi-diaphragm higher than right
  • Triangular shape behind heart
40
Q

What are some features of a right upper collapse?

A
  • Right horizontal fissure displaced upwards
  • Whiteness at upper zone
  • Sail sign
41
Q

What are some features of a left upper collapse?

A
  • Obscured left heart border
  • Whole lung looks white
  • Veil sign

Respiratory (16 decks)

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