Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What do the lung hila consist of?

A

Major bronchi and pulmonary veins/arteries

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2
Q

Are the hila symmetrical?

A

No

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3
Q

Are hilar lymph nodes normally visible?

A

No, only when abnormal

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4
Q

Which lung hila is higher?

A

Left

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5
Q

Which hemidiaphragm is higher?

A

Right

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6
Q

What is under the right hemidiaphragm?

A

Liver

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7
Q

What is under the left hemidiaphragm in a bean shape?

A

Stomach

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8
Q

What does the aortic knuckle depict?

A

Aortic arch

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9
Q

What part of the aorta can be seen following the aortic arch?

A

Descending (thoracic) aorta

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10
Q

What heart chamber forms the right heart border?

A

Right atrium

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11
Q

What heart chamber forms the left heart border?

A

Left ventricle

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12
Q

What can be seen branching off the right tracheal wall?

A

Azygous vein

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13
Q

What can cause a tracheal shift towards the affected lung?

A

Pneumothorax (not tension) or pneumonectomy

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14
Q

What can cause a tracheal shift away from the affected lung?

A

Tension pneumothorax or large pleural effusion

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15
Q

What does bilateral hilar enlargement suggest?

A

Sarcoidosis

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16
Q

What are some differentials of bilateral hilar enlargement?

A

Lymphoma, metastatic disease, infection

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17
Q

What is asymmetrical hilar enlargement (especially with pulmonary nodules) most likely to be?

A

Malignant metastases

18
Q

What is something which can be seen on a CXR which suggests previous cancer?

A

Mastectomy

19
Q

What part on a CXR can also be moved, similar to the trachea?

20
Q

What are 4 causes of consolidation?

A

Pneumonia (pus)
Oedema (fluid)
Haemorrhage (blood)
Cancer (cells)

21
Q

What are 3 causes of complete white out?

A

Consolidation, pneumonectomy or massive pleural effusion

22
Q

What is classed as a large pneumothorax?

A

Lung border more than 2cm away from the inner chest wall

23
Q

What does the loss of the right heart border suggest?

A

Right middle lobe consolidation

24
Q

When are both costophrenic angles blunt and hemidiaphragms flattened?

A

Lung hyperexpansion

25
What are 2 causes of lung hyperexpansion?
COPD and alpha1 anti-trypsin deficiency
26
What does the loss of ONLY the left heart border suggest?
Left upper lobe lingular consolidation
27
What does the loss of BOTH the left heart border and obscured left hemi-diaphragm suggest?
Left lower lobe consolidation
28
What is the first step of viewing a CXR?
Check patient details and date/time of CXR
29
What is the second step of viewing a CXR?
Note the image projection
30
If the image projection isn't on the X-ray, what is it most likely to be/
Standard PA view
31
What is step 3 of viewing a CXR?
Comment on image quality and presence of medical artefacts
32
What are the 3 things considered when assessing image quality?
Rotation, inspiration, penetration
33
How do you tell a CXR is not rotated?
The spine is in the midpoint between the medial ends of two clavicles
34
How do you tell a CXR is on inspiration?
Ribs 5-7 anteriorly intersect hemi-diaphragm in the mid-clavicular line
35
How do you tell a CXR is well penetrated?
The spine is visible behind the heart
36
What words can be used to describe abnormalities?
Opacities, shadows or densities
37
What should you mention when describing opacities?
Tissue involved (lung), size, side, number, distribution, position, shape
38
What should you always check for when looking at a CXR?
Pneumothorax- always state your finding
39
What are some features of a left lower collapse?
- Displaced left oblique fissure - Obscured medial part of left hemi-diaphragm - Left hemi-diaphragm higher than right - Triangular shape behind heart
40
What are some features of a right upper collapse?
- Right horizontal fissure displaced upwards - Whiteness at upper zone - Sail sign
41
What are some features of a left upper collapse?
- Obscured left heart border - Whole lung looks white - Veil sign