Radiology Flashcards
Radiation
Energy to take X-ray. Waves or streams of particles
X radiation
High energy beam. Causes Biological changes in living cells
X ray
Beam of energy that has the power to penetrate objects
Radiology
Study of radiation
Radiograph
A picture or image in X-ray film produced by the passage of X-ray through teeth and related structures
Dental radio graph
Radiograph is teeth or dental related stuff X-ray
Radiation biology
Study of effects on ionizing radiation plan living tissue to understand the harmful effects of x radiation
Importance?
Periodontal disease
Growth patterns
Dental caries
Eruption of teeth
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable
How to minimize exposure
Proper exposure time.
Fastest film available
Proper film handling
Proper technique
Health history?
Cancer? Pregnant?
Are X-rays a prescription?
Yes
BWX
Bitewing xray. Just crowns of teeth. Used to diagnose dental caries in interproximal areas
FMX
Full mouth series. Bitewings. Anterior. Premolars canines. Molars. Sometimes occlusal surface.
Fast film
D,E,F
Film handling
Careful handling. Gentle Avoid artifacts (scratches)
Film processing
Use fresh solutions
Distance position . Location
6 feet. 120degrees. Lead wall or wall between the machine
Dosimeter
Radiation monitoring badges Amount of X-ray operator is receiving 5.0 for operator yearly FOR YOU waist level outside of clothing
Final operator protection
Never hold film in place for patient
Never hold tubehead during exposure
Aluminum filtration
Removes non useful low energy long wave length and soft radiation
Lead collimation
Restricts size of beam by use of lead line PID (position indicator device)
Federal law 2.25 inches or less
Sources of radiation
Natural and artificial.
Sun earth, atmosphere: atomic testing,
Benefits to radiation
Disease protection Retained roots Foreign bodies Cysts Infection Tooth development Growth irregularities
Parallel technique
Moving or lying on the same plane
Intersecting
Cut across or through
Perpendicular
Intersecting lines forming a right angle
Right angle
90 degrees
Increase object tooth receptor distance
Paralleling technique
Long come technique
Decrease magnification
Longer the cone …
Reduces magnification
Collimation
Limit size of primary beam
Critical organ system
Reproduction
Thyroid
Blood forming tissues (hematopoietic)
Side effect of radiation therapy
Ulcers in the mouth Difficulty swallowing Loss of taste Puffy gums Burn epithelial cells
Latent period
Time of exposure to visible results
Period where nothing shows
Disease
Abnormality that causes your body to not function at its normal rate
Inhalation
Berathin
Ingestion
Swallowing
Mucous membrane
Spatter into the nose or mouth
Breaks in the skin
Puncture. Hang nail
Epidemiology
Study of the spreading of disease
Etiology
What causes the disease
PID
Positioning indicator device
X-ray tube head
Tightely sealed metal housing for x ray tube that produces dental X-rays
Metal housing if tube head
Protects X-ray tube plus grounds high voltage components
Insulating oil
Prevents overheating by absorbing the heat created by the production of x ray
Position indicating device (PID)
Aims and shapes X-ray beam
Aluminum discs
Filters out non penetrating, longer wavelength X-rays
Lead collimator
Restricts size of X-ray beam
Tube head seal
Seals oil in the tubehead
Cathode
A negative electrode supplies electrons necessary to generate X-rays
Anode
Positive electrode; converts electrons into X-ray photons
Filament circuit
Regulates flow of electrical current to the filament
Molybdenum
Focuses electrons into a narrrow beam and directs beam across the tube towards the tungsten target
Tungsten filament
Produces electrons when heated
Lead glass housing
Vacuum tube that prevents X-rays from escaping in all directions
Vacuum
Prevents X-rays from escaping
Copper stem
Dissipates the heat away from the tungsten target
Unleaded glass window
Permits X-rays beam to exit tube and directs beam to the ALUMINUM disks lead collimator and PID
X-ray beam
Beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substance and record images on photographic film
Tungsten target
Serves as a focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into X-ray photons
Electron stream
Tiny negatively charged particles found in atoms. Travel from cathode to anode and are converted to X-ray energy and heat
(1% of energy converted into X-ray. 99% lost to heat )
Matter
Matter is always moving (atomic level)
Kinetic
Moving energy
Potential
Stored energy
Atom
Smallest unit of matter (Nucleus) Positive and neutral (Protons and neutrons) Orbit shells have electrons. (Negative charge)
Binding force “electrostatic force”
Strongest energy is closest to nucleus.
Balanced atom
Equal number of neutrons protons and electrons
Simplest atom
Hydrogen
1 of each proton neutron electron
Tungsten atom
74 electrons neutrons protons
Molecule
Two or more atoms
Ionization
Losing or gaining electrons
Results in ion pair
