Radiology Flashcards
Excess formation of fluid
CHF, hyponatremia, parapneumonic effusions
Decreased resorption of fluid
lymphatic blockage from tumor, elevated central venous pressure, decreased intrapleural pressure
transport from peritoneal cavity
ascites
interstitial filtrate
diffuse
follow distribution of pulmonary vessels
honeycombing
lung base more radiodense than apex
alveolar (airspace) inflitrate
fluffy, cloudlike, hazy opacities confluent opacities fuzzy, indistinct margins silhouette sign air bonchograms
examples of alveolar disease
pneumonia
pulmonary alveolar edema
aspiration
recognizing pneumonia
organisms- strep pneumoniae (most common), Hib
*other organisms demonstrate interstitial disease too
patterns of penumonia
lobar- homogenous w/ air bronchogram
segmenta- patchy, no air bronchogram, atelectasisl
(bronchopneumonia- staph aureus)
interstitial- retciular,diffuse, progresses to airspace
(viral, mycoplasma pneumoniae,
pneumocystis)
round- spherical, lower lobes, kids
(Hi, strep, pneumococcus)
cavitary- TB, staph penumonia- produce thin-walled pneumatocoeles, strep pneumonia, klebsiella pneumonia, and coccidiomycosis
recognizing a pneumothorax
types?
Must be able to identify visceral pleural line
Simple (no mediastinal shift) and Tension (shift present)
classic COPD findings on CXR
hyperlucency hyperinflation flat diaphragm bullae vertical heart
3 reasons for enlarged cardiac silhouette
- cardiomegaly- dilation, hypertrophic, combo
- pericardial effusion- >200 cc fluid, “water bottle”
- extracardiac- AP view, suboptimal inspiration, obesity, pregnancy, ascites, pectus excavatum deformity, rotation
CHF causes and radiographic presentation
CAD and HTN
-pulmonary interstitial edema
1. Kerley B
2. peribronchial cuffing
3. fluid in fissures
4. pleural effusions
-pulmonary alveolar edema (from elevated pulmonary venous pressure)
1. centrally located
2. fluffy, indistinct, patchy, airspace with
butterfly configuration
3. outer third of lung frequently spared
4. lower lung zones more affected than upper
RIP ABCDEFGHI
Rotation Inspiration (9 ribs) Penetration (IV discs) Air Bone Cardiac Silhouette Diaphragm Edge of heart Field of Lung Gastric bubble Hilum of lung Instrumentation
patella xray view
PA, lateral, oblique, sunrise
femur xray view
AP, lateral
pelvis xray view
acetabulum
AP
upside, downside
thoracic spine
lumbar spine
AP, lateral
AP, lateral
Sternoclavicular
Ribs
PA, oblique
PA chest, oblique
dislocations
subluxation
completely is apposition at joints partial dislocation (at joints)
Fx types: complete, incomplete
complete- broken completely through cortex
incomplete- only part of cortex is fx
humerus and elbow fat pad sign
sail sign… small anterior fat pad is normal but posterior suggests and occult fracture
four parameters for describing fxs
- number of fxs (simple or comminuted)
- direction of fx line (transverse, oblique, spiral)
- relationship of fragments (displacement, angulation, shortening and rotation)
- communication of the fx w/ outside atmosphere
(closed or open/compound)
Number of fragments
simple (2 fragments)
comminuted (more than 2 fragments…segmental (portion of shaft exists as isolated fragment) AND
butterfly(central fragment has a triangular shape))
Direction of the fracture line
transverse (at point of impact)
diagonal (along shaft)
spiral (twisting or torquing injury)
relationship of distal fx fragment relative to proximal fragment
displacement angulation shortening distraction- away and out (patella) rotation- long bones
communication with outside atmosphere
closed (didn’t break skin)
open or compound (did break skin)
greenstick fx
involves only one part of cortex
torus fx
longitudinal compression of the soft bone in either radius or ulna or both
characterized by localized bulging
just have a buckle
avulsion fx
pulled from its parent bone by contraction of tendon or ligament
occur at predictable locations b/c of known insertions of tendons on bones
salter-harris (children)
I S- straight across II A- above III L- lower or below IV T- two or through V ER- crush
colle’s fx
fx of distal radius- dorsal angulation
caused by FOOSH
associated fx of the ulnar styloid
smith’s fx
fx of distal radius- palmar angulation
opposite of colle’s
boxer’s fx
fx of head of 5th metacarpal- palmar angulation
scaphoid fx
suspected w/ tenderness in anatomic snuff box
FOOSH
hairline-thin radiolucencies
galeazzi fx
FOOSH with elbow flexed
fx of radius with shortening and dislocation of distal ulna
dorsal angulation
monteggia fx
direct blow to forearm
anterior dislocation of radial head with a fx of the ulnar, usually angulated dorsally
(may have associated wrist injury)
supracondylar fx
distal humerus *most common fx of elbow in kids
posterior displacement of distal humerus
anterior humeral line passes anterior to its normal location
jones fx
5th metatarsal near base
plantar flexion of foot and inversion of ankle
march fx
stress fx
most often shafts of 2nd and 3rd metatarsals
hip fx
related to osteoporosis
angulation of the cortex or zones of increased density indicates impaction
lisfranc fx
tarsometatarsal jt
midfoot excessively loaded
twisting injury or jamming foot on brake peddle
football injury
