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PAS 511 Foundations in Clinical Medicine > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Excess formation of fluid

A

CHF, hyponatremia, parapneumonic effusions

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2
Q

Decreased resorption of fluid

A

lymphatic blockage from tumor, elevated central venous pressure, decreased intrapleural pressure

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3
Q

transport from peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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4
Q

interstitial filtrate

A

diffuse
follow distribution of pulmonary vessels
honeycombing
lung base more radiodense than apex

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5
Q

alveolar (airspace) inflitrate

A 
fluffy, cloudlike, hazy opacities
confluent opacities
fuzzy, indistinct margins
silhouette sign
air bonchograms
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6
Q

examples of alveolar disease

A

pneumonia
pulmonary alveolar edema
aspiration

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7
Q

recognizing pneumonia

A

organisms- strep pneumoniae (most common), Hib

*other organisms demonstrate interstitial disease too

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8
Q

patterns of penumonia

A

lobar- homogenous w/ air bronchogram
segmenta- patchy, no air bronchogram, atelectasisl
(bronchopneumonia- staph aureus)
interstitial- retciular,diffuse, progresses to airspace
(viral, mycoplasma pneumoniae,
pneumocystis)
round- spherical, lower lobes, kids
(Hi, strep, pneumococcus)
cavitary- TB, staph penumonia- produce thin-walled pneumatocoeles, strep pneumonia, klebsiella pneumonia, and coccidiomycosis

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9
Q

recognizing a pneumothorax

types?

A

Must be able to identify visceral pleural line

Simple (no mediastinal shift) and Tension (shift present)

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10
Q

classic COPD findings on CXR

A 
hyperlucency
hyperinflation
flat diaphragm
bullae
vertical heart
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11
Q

3 reasons for enlarged cardiac silhouette

A
  1. cardiomegaly- dilation, hypertrophic, combo
  2. pericardial effusion- >200 cc fluid, “water bottle”
  3. extracardiac- AP view, suboptimal inspiration, obesity, pregnancy, ascites, pectus excavatum deformity, rotation
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12
Q

CHF causes and radiographic presentation

A

CAD and HTN
-pulmonary interstitial edema
1. Kerley B
2. peribronchial cuffing
3. fluid in fissures
4. pleural effusions
-pulmonary alveolar edema (from elevated pulmonary venous pressure)
1. centrally located
2. fluffy, indistinct, patchy, airspace with
butterfly configuration
3. outer third of lung frequently spared
4. lower lung zones more affected than upper

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13
Q

RIP ABCDEFGHI

A 
Rotation
Inspiration (9 ribs)
Penetration (IV discs)
Air 
Bone
Cardiac Silhouette
Diaphragm
Edge of heart
Field of Lung
Gastric bubble
Hilum of lung
Instrumentation
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14
Q

patella xray view

A

PA, lateral, oblique, sunrise

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15
Q

femur xray view

A

AP, lateral

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16
Q

pelvis xray view

acetabulum

A

AP

upside, downside

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17
Q

thoracic spine

lumbar spine

A

AP, lateral

AP, lateral

18
Q

Sternoclavicular

Ribs

A

PA, oblique

PA chest, oblique

19
Q

dislocations

subluxation

A 
completely is apposition at joints
partial dislocation (at joints)
20
Q

Fx types: complete, incomplete

A

complete- broken completely through cortex

incomplete- only part of cortex is fx

21
Q

humerus and elbow fat pad sign

A

sail sign… small anterior fat pad is normal but posterior suggests and occult fracture

22
Q

four parameters for describing fxs

A
  1. number of fxs (simple or comminuted)
  2. direction of fx line (transverse, oblique, spiral)
  3. relationship of fragments (displacement, angulation, shortening and rotation)
  4. communication of the fx w/ outside atmosphere
    (closed or open/compound)
23
Q

Number of fragments

A

simple (2 fragments)
comminuted (more than 2 fragments…segmental (portion of shaft exists as isolated fragment) AND
butterfly(central fragment has a triangular shape))

24
Q

Direction of the fracture line

A

transverse (at point of impact)
diagonal (along shaft)
spiral (twisting or torquing injury)

25
Q

relationship of distal fx fragment relative to proximal fragment

A 
displacement
angulation
shortening
distraction- away and out (patella)
rotation- long bones
26
Q

communication with outside atmosphere

A

closed (didn’t break skin)

open or compound (did break skin)

27
Q

greenstick fx

A

involves only one part of cortex

28
Q

torus fx

A

longitudinal compression of the soft bone in either radius or ulna or both
characterized by localized bulging
just have a buckle

29
Q

avulsion fx

A

pulled from its parent bone by contraction of tendon or ligament
occur at predictable locations b/c of known insertions of tendons on bones

30
Q

salter-harris (children)

A 
I S- straight across
II A- above
III L- lower or below
IV T- two or through
V ER- crush
31
Q

colle’s fx

A

fx of distal radius- dorsal angulation
caused by FOOSH
associated fx of the ulnar styloid

32
Q

smith’s fx

A

fx of distal radius- palmar angulation

opposite of colle’s

33
Q

boxer’s fx

A

fx of head of 5th metacarpal- palmar angulation

34
Q

scaphoid fx

A

suspected w/ tenderness in anatomic snuff box
FOOSH
hairline-thin radiolucencies

35
Q

galeazzi fx

A

FOOSH with elbow flexed
fx of radius with shortening and dislocation of distal ulna
dorsal angulation

36
Q

monteggia fx

A

direct blow to forearm
anterior dislocation of radial head with a fx of the ulnar, usually angulated dorsally
(may have associated wrist injury)

37
Q

supracondylar fx

A

distal humerus *most common fx of elbow in kids
posterior displacement of distal humerus
anterior humeral line passes anterior to its normal location

38
Q

jones fx

A

5th metatarsal near base

plantar flexion of foot and inversion of ankle

39
Q

march fx

A

stress fx

most often shafts of 2nd and 3rd metatarsals

40
Q

hip fx

A

related to osteoporosis

angulation of the cortex or zones of increased density indicates impaction

41
Q

lisfranc fx

A

tarsometatarsal jt
midfoot excessively loaded
twisting injury or jamming foot on brake peddle
football injury

PAS 511 Foundations in Clinical Medicine (12 decks)

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