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PAS 511 Foundations in Clinical Medicine > Innate Immuno > Flashcards

Innate Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role/purpose of the immune system?

A
  1. Protect from pathogens
  2. Inflammation
  3. Eliminate modified or altered self
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2
Q

What are mechanisms of protection?

A

Mechanical, Cellular, Humoral

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3
Q

What are the major differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate- no time lag, not Ag specific, no memory

Adaptive- lag period, Ag specific, development of memory

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4
Q

Which cells comprise the innate immune system?

A

Myeloid cells:
Granulocytic cells, including neutrophila, basophila, eosinophila, and mast cells
Monocytic- macrophages, Kupffer cells (MO in liver), dendritic cells

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5
Q

Which humoral components comprise the innate immune sytem?

A

Complement and interferon

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6
Q

What are the other main components of innate defense?

A

Anatomic barriers, including skin, mucosal membranes (gut and bronchial)
Psychologic barriers, including temperature, fever, basic pH (stomach, skin, vagina), and enzymes

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7
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils/ PMN?

A

Attack first- phagocytes. Activated by cytokines and respond rapidly to chemotactic stimuli
Express Fc so involved in opsonization for phagocytosis

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8
Q

what is the purpose of macrophages?

A
  • Slower than neutrophils but are larger, live longer. -Found in all organs and connective tissues
  • Produces cytokines to recruit other inflammatory cells and systemic effects like fever
  • APC to Tcell
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9
Q

What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease?

What is the treatment?

A
  1. defect in NADPH oxidase system=cannot form ROS….leads to recurrent infections w/ Staph aureus, salmonella, pseudomonas, and fungi
  2. education and preventive antibiotics
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10
Q

What is the role of NO?

A

Helps MO in killing intracellular pathogens Vasodilation (drop of bp in sepsis)

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11
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells?

A

sample environment- phagocytize Ag and then migrate to lymph nodes as APC to activate Tcells

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12
Q

What is the role of a mast cell?

A

Bone marrow derived, found in most tissue by blood vessels. Role in inflammation and allergies (with IgE).

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13
Q

What is the role of basophils/eosinophils?

A

Parasitic infections (by using enzymes for tissue damage) and allergies

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14
Q

What is the role of interferons?

A

Stimulate cells to turn on genes for antiviral proteins

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15
Q

Why does complement system not attack host cells?

A

Host cells have proteins that deactivate complement cascade such as DAF and MCP to deactivate C3b and CD59 to deactivate MAC

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16
Q

Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes- T cells (Helper, suppressor, cytotoxic), B cells (plasma cells), NK cells

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17
Q

What are the key features of an adaptive response?

A

Specificity, diversity, memory, self-regulation, discrimination of self from non-self

18
Q

What are Antibodies composed of?

How many classes of Ab?

A

Two light and Two heavy chains, with a constant site and variable site where the Ag binds.
Also, constant region is Fc receptor
5- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE

19
Q

IgG

A

G: 80% in serum, Neonatal immunity (binds to macrophage and neutrophils via FcR)
viral infections

20
Q

Describe how the binding of Ab inactivates Ag.

A

Neutrilization, Aggultination, Precipitation, Complement fixation—> enhanced phagocytosis
or cell lysis (MAC)

21
Q

What is the life cycle of a MO?

A

Made in bone marrow–> monocyte in blood–> tissues MO becomes either (1) activated or (2) microglia, kupffer cell, alveolar MO, or osteoclast

22
Q

The 3 pathways for complement all result in what?

A

Lectin, classical, and alternative pathways generate C3a–>
C3a and C5a release histamine, chemotactic and increase vascular permeability
C3b opsonin
MAC

23
Q

What is a major difference between B and T cells in terms of Ag recognition?

A

T cell recognizes small fragment= MHC bound Ag

B cell recognizes larger fragment

24
Q

What is an important feature regarding the type of Ab a single mature B cell is capable of making?

A

Clonal, which means only 1 type of Ab

25
Q

IgM

A

M: 13% of serum, First Ab produced, pentameter (can bind up to 5 Ag for opsonization)

26
Q

IgA

A

A: 6% serum, dimer and secretory component (saliva, tears, colostrum, milk)

27
Q

IgD

A

D0.2% serum, BcellR, may play role in eliminating self-reactive Ab

28
Q

IgE

Why is second exposure to allergen worse than 1st?

A

E:0.002% of serum Ab because tightly bound to basophils and mast cells (via Fc region)
Parasites and allergic rxns
?: IgE begins binding to mast cell after 1st so by 2nd, its already bound so quicker response

29
Q

How is it possible to generate so many different variable regions of Ab?

A

Somatic recombination- happens at DNA level before transcription AND different combining of light and heavy chains AND mutation

30
Q

What is ADCC?

A

Ab dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity… Ab opsonize virus-infected cell, connect to NK/cytotoxic Tcell–> which release granuoles to kill cell

31
Q

What happens to an immature B cell in the bone marrow if it matches up with Ag?

A

It would only match with self cells to it would need to be destroyed

32
Q

How does a mature B cell differ from activated B cell and memory B cell?

A

Mature B cells will die if they don’t encounter Ag outside of bone marrow.
Activated B cell has matched up with Ag and will proliferate more Ig to be secreted (rather than on membrane)–>plasma cell
Memory B cells remain with membrane Ig which may be stimulated to secondary Ab response

33
Q

How does a B cell become activated to produce Ab?

A

Engulfs Ag–> binds to MHC–> presents combo+CD40 to T cell CD40L–> B cell proliferate to class switch Ig and become plasma cells

34
Q

What is XLA?

A

Don’t generate mature B cells so susceptible to bacterial and some viral infections but not intracellular microbes and fungi (uses NK and MO)

35
Q

What is hyper IgM syndrome?

A 
defect in class switch due to CD40L being defective so only have IgM
present with persistent bacterial infections and neutropina (and MO deficiency) b/c CD40 important for granulocyte development too
36
Q

What is MHC/HLA? What does it have to do with tissue type?

A

It is the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Co-dominantly expressed and it is part of the way Tcells distinguish self from non-self

37
Q

What are the distinct characteristics of MHC I?

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells
Presents endogenously synthesized Ag (virus in as its passing though ER to be synthesized)
Checked by killer T cells (CD8)

38
Q

What are the distinct characteristics of MHC II?

A

Expressed on B lymphocytes, MO, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells ( may be induced by cytokines though)
Presents exogenous Ag proteins (bacterial proteins in vesicles)
Checked by Helper T cells (CD$)

39
Q

What role does MHC play in Graft v Host and Host v Graft?

A

Graft v Host: ex bone marrow= donor immune cells attack host cells
Host v Graft: ex kidney transplant= host immune cells attack donated tissue

40
Q

How do the different Ig differ in structure?

A

Fc receptor region on the heavy chains in response to certain cytokines

PAS 511 Foundations in Clinical Medicine (12 decks)

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