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The Normal Animal > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

X-Rays

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation

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2
Q

Highest to lowest attenuation

A

Metal, bone, soft tissue, fat, air

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3
Q

Ionizing energy

A

Energy high enough to completely knock electrons out of orbit

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4
Q

The main target of ionizing radiation is

A

DNA

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5
Q

DNA damage may be repaired or may produce cellular __________ and _________

A

Mutation, death

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6
Q

Direct effect of radiation

A

Cleaved DNA or altered base pairs

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7
Q

Indirect effect of radiation

A

Production of free radicals that can diffuse far enough to reach and damage critical target

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8
Q

Radio sensitivity

A

relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation

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9
Q

Most radio sensitive cells

A

Stem cells

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10
Q

Most radio sensitive tissues

A

Young tissue, tissue with high metabolic activity

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11
Q

ALARA

A

As Low As Reasonably Possible

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12
Q

Three basic principles of ALARA

A

Distance, time, shielding

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13
Q

Inverse square law

A

Doubling distance reduces exposure by 1/4

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14
Q

Personnel protection only protects you from ______________ radiation

A

Scatter

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15
Q

MPD

A

Maximum Permissible Dose

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16
Q

For general public, MPD is ____ of the occupational level

A

2%

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17
Q

Occupational worker minimum age

A

18

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18
Q

MAD

A

lifetime maximum accumulative dose= age in yrs x 1 rem

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19
Q

Whole body occupational dose limit

A

5,000 mrem/yr

20
Q

mA selector

A

Number of X-rays in beam (quantity)

21
Q

Focal spot selector

A

Trade off between resolution and quantity of radiation

22
Q

mAs selector

A

mA x time (msec)

23
Q

kVp Selector

A

Energy of beam (quality)

Number of x-rays (quantity)

24
Q

Prep phase

A

Electrons are generated by electrical current through the filament in the cathode

25
Q

Expose phase

A

X-rays produced when electrons interact with metal in the anode

26
Q

Metal in anode

A

Tungsten

27
Q

mA selector controls the _______ to the filament

A

Current, therefore X-ray quantity

28
Q

Small filament in focal spot selector

A

Used for low output exposures when high detail is needed

29
Q

Large filament in focal spot selector

A

Used for high output exposures

30
Q

kVp selector determines _______ of an image

A

Contrast

31
Q

kVp selector controls

A

Voltage across X-ray tube, therefore penetrating power of the generated X-ray, therefore X-ray quality and quantity

32
Q

Factors that increase scatter

A

Greater body area exposed to radiation

33
Q

Collimated beam

A

Limits beam to just area of interest to decrease amount of scatter

34
Q

Collimates are located

A

Outside tube housing

35
Q

Scatter radiation decreases film quality by reducing image __________

A

Contrast

36
Q

Grids

A

Used to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the film, composed of hundreds of alternating lead strips

37
Q

LUT

A

Look up table

38
Q

Radio graphic opacities are ________

A

Relative

39
Q

Summation effect

A

When two objects are superimposed over each other the overlapping portions of the object will appear more opaque

40
Q

Silhouetting effects

A

When two objects of the same density are in contact,they will appear to blend together radiographically (border effacement)

41
Q

Magnification

A

Enlargement of the image relative to the actual size of the object being imaged

42
Q

Distortion

A

Unequal magnification if the object is not in the center of the beam

43
Q

Orientation of radiographs

A

Head to left, tail to right

44
Q

Orientation of VD/DV radiographs

A

Patients right on your left and vice versa

45
Q

Radiograph labeling

A

Client name, patient name/number, name of clinic/location, date of exam, limb examined

The Normal Animal (5 decks)

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