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The Normal Animal > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of a muscle to shorten, accompanied by mechanical force generation, role in movement

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2
Q

Excitability

A

Capacity of muscle to respond to stimulus

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3
Q

Extensibility

A

Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

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4
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after being stretched

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones
Multinucleated, peripherally located
Striated
Voluntary and involuntary (reflex) control

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6
Q

Cardiac

A

Heart
Single nucleus, centrally located
Striated
Involuntary, intercalated discs

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7
Q

Smooth

A

Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, skin, etc
Single nucleus centrally located
Not striated
Involuntary, gap junctions in visceral smooth

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8
Q

Tendons

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle fibers to bones
Serve as elastic anchors

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9
Q

Origin/head

A

Muscle end attached to more stationary of two bones

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10
Q

Insertion

A

Muscle end attached to bone with greatest movement

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11
Q

Belly

A

Largest portion of the muscle between origin and insertion

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12
Q

Synergists

A

Separate muscles that work together to cause a movement around a joint
e.g. flexors and extensors

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13
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle causing a particular action (e.g. flexion) when it contracts

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14
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle working in opposition to agonist, typically relaxes during contraction of agonist

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15
Q

Passive tension

A

Exerted by elastic components (tendons) lying in series and parallel to contractile (active) elements

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16
Q

Series-elastic component

A

In series with the force of muscle contraction

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17
Q

Parallel components of passive tension

A

Muscle cell membrane, extracellular matrix

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18
Q

Parallel fiber arrangement

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis of the muscle

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19
Q

Pinnate fiber arrangement

A

Fibers are at an angle to the longitudinal axis of muscle

Typically greater force but shorter range of motion

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20
Q

__________ tissues surround muscle fiber

A

Connective

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21
Q

Multinucleated syncytium

A

Developmental origin as a fused aggregate of progenitor cells

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22
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Muscle cell plasma membrane

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23
Q

Dimensions of muscle cell

A

0.1 mm in diameter, up to several centimeters in length

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24
Q

During development, ___________ fuse to become ___________

A

Myoblasts, myotubes

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25
Q

Myofibrils

A

Bundles of myofilaments packed within the muscle fiber and constitute the contractile machinery

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26
Q

Z lines

A

Striations

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27
Q

Sarcomere

A

The fundamental contractile structure

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28
Q

Myoblasts

A

One nucleus each

Lack myofibrils

29
Q

Myotubes

A

Develop myofibrils

Other specialized organelles for contraction (sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules)

30
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

31
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

32
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Protein on actin that prevents interaction between actin and myosin filaments when calcium is absent

33
Q

Troponin

A

Binds to calcium, promotes change in conformation of tropomyosin, allowing myosin head access to binding sites on actin

34
Q

Which part of myosin contains ATPase?

A

Myosin head

35
Q

What binds to myosin head to release from actin?

A

ATP

36
Q

Relative force generation is dependent upon number of ________________ forming reversible attachments to actin filaments

A

Myosin heads

37
Q

Magnesium role

A

Cofactor in ATP hydrolysis

38
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Muscle cell

39
Q

Action potential

A

A rapid net redistribution of ions across the plasma membrane, driven by previously established concentration gradients, which locally and sequentially depolarizes the membrane along length of cell

40
Q

An electrochemical potential (energy gradient) dependent upon:

A

The relative concentrations of major ions across plasma membrane
Permeability of membrane to each ion through pores
Driven by the action of ion pumps (ATPases) that create gradients of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and other ions

41
Q

Gating

A

Opening and closing of ion channel pore in response to an electrical or chemical signal

42
Q

Selective permeability

A

Each class of ion channel is selective in its permeability, restricted to one or several types of ions

43
Q

Resting potential

A

Governed by Na and K gradients and relatively high resting permeability to K, interior of cell relatively negative compared to outside

44
Q

Depolarization

A

Above a threshold value, Na channels open, allowing an influx (inward flow) of Na, temporary overshoot into a reverse polarized state (interior positive)

45
Q

Acetylcholine receptor

A

A ligand gated ion channel, allowing transit of Na and K ions, depolarizing the membrane

46
Q

Activation of ACh receptor causes a ________ depolarization

A

Local

47
Q

T tubules

A

Transverse tubules, in folding so of the sarcolemma
Allow spreading AP to pass into depths of fiber; allow coordination of calcium mobilization from sarcoplasmic reticulum and contraction along length of muscle

48
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

A specialized Ca reservoir within cells

49
Q

Dihydropyridine receptor

A

Resides sarcolemma/T tubule
Voltage sensitive channel, opens in response to membrane depolarization
Allows slow influx of calcium from extracellular space
Physically interacts with and activates RyR

50
Q

Ryanodine receptor

A

Resides in SR membrane
Opened directly by activated DHPR
Allows release of calcium stored in SR into sarcoplasmic where it can activate contractile machinery

51
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase

A

Moves calcium from sarcoplasmic into SR to terminate contractile response

52
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron plus all the muscl fibers to which it connects

53
Q

Graded contractions

A

Varying degrees of force generation are produced by variations in the number of motor unit activated

54
Q

Innervation ratios

A

Fibers per neuron, can vary based on functional requirements of muscle in question

55
Q

Twitch

A

Stimulated by a single isolated electrical stimulus

Generates a fractional force of contraction that decays as fiber relaxes

56
Q

Summation of twitches

A

More frequent stimuli, each producing units of contractile force
Next stimulus arrives before relaxation from previous stimulus is complete, allowing summation

57
Q

Peak force generation

A

Occurs when there is maximum potential for overlap between thick and thin filaments,allowing the greatest number of myosin head/actin interactions to occur

58
Q

Elastic recoil

A

The effect of the series elastic component of the actively stretched muscle

59
Q

Stretch reflex

A

In muscle stretched to extreme: via an autonomic nervous signal to contract and thus shorten, protecting muscle tissue

60
Q

Fast fibers

A

High myosin ATPase activity, thus more rapid cross bridge cycling and high shortening velocity. Fatigue rapidly.

61
Q

Slow fibers

A

Low myosin ATPase activity and lower shortening velocity. Fatigue more slowly.

62
Q

Oxidative fibers

A

Numerous mitochondria, high capacity of oxidative phosphorylation. ATP production dependent on blood borne oxygen and fuel, contain myoglobin

63
Q

Myoglobin

A

Increases rate of oxygen capture in the fiber

64
Q

Exercise increases _____of muscle fibers

A

size (hypertrophy), numbers of myofilaments, capacity for ATP production

65
Q

Low intensity exercise affects ________ by increasing ________

A

Oxidative fibers, number of mitochondria and capillaries

66
Q

Satellite cells

A

Donate new nuclei, proliferate in response to mechanical stress

67
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle wasting or loss

Results from inactivity, disease, aging

68
Q

Glycolytic fibers

A

Have few mitochondria but a high concentration of glycolytic enzymes and glycogen
Larger and have more thick and thin filaments and therefore can develop ,ore tension
Fatigue rapidly

69
Q

High intensity exercise affects __________ fibers by increasing _________

A

Glycolytic, diameter and production of Glycolytic enzymes

The Normal Animal (5 decks)

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