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Vet Tech Review > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Absorbed dose

A

the amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation (x-ray)

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2
Q

Define: ALARA principle

A

As Low As Reasonably Possible

Keeping the dose of radiation as low as possible

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3
Q

Define: Algorithm

A

A computer code used to generate an radiograph image

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4
Q

Define: Anode

A

Where x-rays are produced (where the beam comes from)

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5
Q

Define: Artifact

A

Anything in the x-ray that isn’t supposed to be there (like a finger)

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6
Q

Define: Attenuation

A

The reduction of the intensity of an x-ray beam as it traverses matter

Meaning: Things that are more dense (like bones) allow less x-rays through so they are brighter on x-rays

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7
Q

Define: Binding energy

A

The energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom is called the electron binding energy.

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8
Q

Define: Bremsstrahlung Radiation

A

electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration or especially the deceleration of a charged particle after passing through the electric and magnetic fields of a nucleus.

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9
Q

Define: Cathode

A

the negatively charged side of x-ray tube circuit.

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10
Q

What positioning is this demonstating?

A

Caudocranial (CdCr)

Shooting from caudal to cranial

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11
Q

Define: Characteristic Radiation

A

are emitted when outer-shell electrons fill a vacancy in the inner shell of an atom, releasing X-rays in a pattern that is “characteristic” to each element

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12
Q

Define: Charge Couple Device

A

a light-sensitive integrated circuit that captures images by converting photons to electrons.
Ex: our dental x-ray sensor

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13
Q

Define: Computed Radiography

A

Uses a reusable plate to take digital radiographs; needs to be placed in a scanner to produce the radiograph.
The phosphor layer in the plate stores the image. The scanner amplifies the image and converts it to a digital image

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14
Q

Define: Detail

A

The sharpness of the image

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15
Q

Define: Digital

A

A computer image instead of using film

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16
Q

Define: Digital detector

A

Receives the radiation going through the patient and converts it into a digital image that can be immediately visualized on a monitor.

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17
Q

Define: Digital Radiology (DR)

A

is an advanced form of x-ray inspection which produces a digital radiographic image instantly on a computer.

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18
Q

Define: Direct Digital Radiography (DDR)

A

sensors that send a digital image directly to a computer

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19
Q

Define: Distal

A

away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the paw is located at the distal end of the leg).

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20
Q

What is this positioning?

A

Dorsopalmar (DPa)

Shot from doral to palmar (only counts for the front feet)

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21
Q

What is this positioning in letter A?

A

Dorsoplantar (Dpl)

Shot from the dorsal surface to the plantar surface of the foot (only the back foot)

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22
Q

What is this positioning called?

A

Dorsoventral (DV)

Shot from the dorsum to the vetrum

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23
Q

Define: Dose Creep

A

is the gradual acceptance over time by radiographers of the use of higher radiographic exposures

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24
Q

Define: Dosimeter

A

an instrument used to measure ionizing radiation exposure (like the badge you wear when taking rads)

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25
Q

Define: Dynamic range

A

the series of exposure values that will result in a radiographic image

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26
Q

Define: Electromagnetic radiation

A

an electric and magnetic disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light

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27
Q

Define: Electron

A

a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

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28
Q

Define: Electron beam

A

machine-generated high-energy electrons

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29
Q

Define: Electron hole pair

A

Free charge carriers in the semi conductor

30
Q

Define: Filament

A

the source of electrons (cathode) in x-ray tubes

31
Q

Define: Film Contrast

A

density differences that result due to the type of film used, how it was exposed, and how it was processed.

32
Q

Define: Film graininess

How to correct:

A

the visual appearance of irregularly spaced grains of black metallic silver deposited in the finished radiograph
Correct by increasing exposure (increase kVp or mAs)

33
Q

Define: Film latitude

A

the range of receptor exposures over which an image and contrast will be formed

34
Q

Define: Focal range

A

Focal spot is the area of the anode surface which receives the beam of electrons from the cathode. It is the apparent source of x-rays.

35
Q

Define: Fogging

How to correct:

A

darkening of images by sources other than the radiation of the primary beam to which the film was exposed
Correct: look for signs of light exposure in the x-ray room

36
Q

Define: Geometric unsharpness

How to correct:

A

The lack of sharpness in an image that results from variation in the geometry of an X-ray system set-up.
Correct: Have machine calibrated

37
Q

Define: Grid cutoff

How to correct:

A

an unwanted absorption of x-rays via an x-ray grid, observed when a grid is employed incorrectly, most often seen with parallel grids
Correct: Be sure to direct beam directly towards area you want radiographed

38
Q

Define: Heel Effect

How to correct:

A

refers to the lower field intensity towards the anode in comparison to the cathode due to lower x-ray emissions from the target material at angles perpendicular to the electron beam.
Correct: Increase distance from beam, be sure beam is at correct angle, collimate, be sure pet is in correct position

39
Q

Define: Collimate

A

Decrease size of field of x-ray

40
Q

What is this an example of?

A

A histograph which is a graphical display of the pixel intensity distribution for a digital image.

41
Q

What is this an example of? What type of radiograph will it produce?

A

Imaging plate

Used in CR or computed radiography

42
Q

Define: Ionization

A

the principal means by which ionizing radiations dissipate their energy in matter

43
Q

Define: Kilovolt (kV)

A

the x-ray tube peak voltage during an exposure

44
Q

Define: Latent image

A

the invisible product of x-ray or photographic film emulsions, build after radiation or light exposure (the image will only show up once it is developed)

45
Q

Define: Maximum Permissible Dose

A

is the upper limit of allowed radiation dose that one may receive without the risk of significant side effects

46
Q

Define: Windowing

A

the process in which the CT image greyscale component of an image is manipulated via the CT numbers

47
Q

Define: Milliampere second (mAs)

A

a measure of radiation produced (milliamperage) over a set amount of time (seconds) via an x-ray tube

48
Q

Define: Noise

How to correct:

A

a fluctuation in optical density on radiographic or mammographic images, often as a result of low radiation dose
Correct: Increase mAs

49
Q

Define: Object image distance

A

The distance measured between the center mass of the patients anatomical organ and the center the x-ray cassette.

50
Q

Define: Osmolality

A

Used to describe different contrast solutions used in radiography

51
Q

Define: Penumbra

How to correct:

A

blurring at the edges of a structure

Correct: Collimate

52
Q

Define: Photon

A

Photons are called x-rays if they are produced by electron interactions

53
Q

Define: Photostimulable Phosphor

A

are materials that store absorbed energy within excited electrons and release it in the form of light on exposure to laser energy

54
Q

Define: Pixel

A

the smallest discrete element of the physical display or to the smallest element of the image.

55
Q

Define: Polychromatic beam

A

multiple optical frequencies

56
Q

Define: Quantum mottle

How to correct:

A

is the main and the most significant source of noise in plain radiography. It is a random process due to fluctuations in the number of photons reaching the detector from point to point
Correct: Adjust kVp or mAs as needed

57
Q

Define: Radiodense/Radiopacity
Ex:

A

is the relative transparency of a material to x-rays and other radiation.
Ex: Bladder stone, bones- Appear white on radiograph

58
Q

Define: Radiographic contrast

A

the difference in density or difference in the degree of grayness between areas of the radiographic image.

59
Q

Define: Radiographic Density

A

a measure of the light transmitted through the film.

60
Q

Define: Radiography

A

the process or occupation of taking radiographs to assist in medical examinations

61
Q

Define: Radiology

A

the science dealing with X-rays and other high-energy radiation, especially the use of such radiation for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

62
Q

Define: Radiolucent

Example

A

structures that are less dense and permit the x-ray beam to pass through them
Ex: Air- Appears black on an xray

63
Q

Define: Rectification

A

The process of changing alternating current into direct current so it flows in one direction only

64
Q

Define: Remnant Beam

A

resulting beam that is able to exit from the patient and produce the photographic image on radiographic film.

65
Q

Define: Scatter or secondary radiation

A

Radiation that spreads out in different directions from a radiation beam when the beam interacts with a substance, such as body tissue.

66
Q

Define: Scinillating Devices

A

an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillating material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.

67
Q

Define: Source image distance (SID)

A

The distance of the tube from the image receptor, affecting magnification

68
Q

Define: Spatial resolution

A

is a measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor, or the ground area imaged for the instantaneous field of view

69
Q

Define: Structure mottle

A

Uneven distibution of phosphor

70
Q

Define: Thermionic emission

A

The emission of electrons from a heated metal (cathode).

71
Q

How can you make an x-ray that is too dark lighter?

A

Too dark is an over exposure

Dark = Decrease mAs

72
Q

How can you make a film that is too light, darker?

A

Too light is underexposed

Increase kVp

Vet Tech Review (3 decks)

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