Pharmacology Flashcards
Aminoglycosides
Antibiotic
Examples: Gentamicin (otomax); Tobramycin (cat eye drops)
Risks: Can be ototoxic, if using injectable there is a risk of renal toxicity
Cephalosporins, 1st generation
Antibiotic
Uses: Cephalexin, cefazolin
Warnings: Do not use in pets allergic to penicillins
Cephalosporins; 2nd generation
Antibiotic
Cephalosporins, 3rd generation
Antibiotic
Uses: Cefpodoxime, Convenia
Warnings: Do not use in pets allergic to penicillins
Licosamides and Macrolides
Antibiotic
Uses: Clindamycin, Azithromycin, Tylosin
Caution: Clindamycin in rabbits, horses, hamsters
Penicillins
Antibiotic
Uses: Amoxicillin, Clavamox, betacillin, Penicillin, Ampicillin
Quinolones
Antibiotic “big gun”
Uses: Enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, marbofloxacin
Warnings: Do not use in young large and giant breed dogs; caution with enrofloxacin in cats!!
Sulfonamides
Antibiotic
Uses: Trimethoprim-sulfa, Albon
Warnings: Can cause severe dry eye
Tetracyclines
Antibiotic
Uses: Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline
Warnings: Caution with use in young/pregnant animals can cause damage to developing teeth
Miscellaneous antibiotics
Antibiotics
Names: Chloramphenacol- bone marrow suppression in people
Metronidizole- can cause seizures at high doses
Florfenicol-NuFlor, Claro
Antifungals
Used to treat yeast infections
Fluconazole, itraconozole, nystatin(entederm), ketoconazole (causes liver damge); terbinafine
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory)
blocks a specific enzyme called cyclooxygenase (or COX) used by the body to make prostaglandins.
Used to help control pain (short term and long term)
Examples: Meloxicam, carprofen, Previcox, galiprant, flunixin (banamine)
Caution: Can cause liver and renal issues; give with food or can cause ulcerations
In small animal CANNOT combine with steroids
Opioids
attach to proteins called opioid receptors on nerve cells in the brain, spinal cord, gut, and other parts of the body
Used for sedation and pain control
Types: Butorphanol, Hydromorphone, buprenorphine
Side effects: Vomiting, panting, bradycardia
Local anesthetics
stop the nerves in a part of your body sending signals to your brain; blocks sodium channels
Used to treat pain locally
Examples: Lidocaine, Bupivicane
Caution: Neurotoxic in high doses,
Miscellaneous Pain medications
Gabapentin, tramadol, Amantadine
Glycosaminoglycans
Used for joint health
Examples: Glucosamine (cosequin, synovi g4)
Injectable induction agents
Blocks receptors in the brain to cause sedation
Used to induce anesthesia
Propofol- causes apnea
Ketamine (needs to be combined with something else, or too rigid)
Inhalents
augmenting signals to chloride channels (GABA receptors) and potassium channels while depressing neurotransmission pathways
Used to maintain anesthesia
Isoflurane, sevoflurane, Desflurane
Can cause vasodilation, dropping blood pressure
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines enhance the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Used for sedation and control of seizures
Diazepam (valium); Midazolam, alprazolam
Phenothiazine
acts as a dopamine receptor antagonist in the CNS,
Uses sedation; restraint
Acepromazine
Alpha-2 Agonists
presynaptic alpha-2receptors in the central nervous system, activating inhibitory neurons which lead to a reduction in sympathetic output via a negative feedback mechanism
Used for sedation
Dexmedetomidine (can reverse with antipamizole)
Xylazine (can reverse with yohimbine)
Caution with severe heart disease; causes marked bracycardia
Anticonvulsants
Used to control seizures
Benzodiazepines (used for short control)
Oral medications: Phenobarbitol; Zonisamide, Levetiracetam, Potassium bromide
Muscle relaxant
Used to help control muscle spasm
Methocarbamol (used in IVDD and also some toxicities)
Ionotropics
increasing intracellular calcium
Used to increase the contraction of the heart
Pimobenden/Vetmedin
Andrenergics
Used to increase heart rate in emergency situations
Dopamine, Epinephrine
Anticholinergics
competitively inhibit binding of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine.
Used to treat bradycardia
Atropine (transient decrease in heart rate after injection)
Beta blockers
blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline
Used to arrythmias
Propanolol; atenollol
Calcium channel blockers
preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries.
Used to help control high blood pressure
Amlodipine
Neuromuscular blocking agents
prevent the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby preventing skeletal muscle contraction.
Inhibit movement of muscles
Succinylcholine
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels
Used to treat congestive heart failure, high blood pressure in dogs and protein losing nephropathy
Enalapril, Benazepril
Sodium Channel Blockers
inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.
Lidocaine, Procainamide
Can be used to treat VPCs
Diuretics
diminishing sodium reabsorption at different sites in the nephron, thereby increasing urinary sodium and water losses.
Used to decrease edema in tissues like the lungs and around the lungs (cats)
Furosemide, Spironolactone
Anticoagulants
Suppressing the synthesis or function of various clotting factors that are normally present in the blood.
Used to inhibit clot formation
Heparin, EDTA
Bronchodilators
Beta-2 agonists work by stimulating receptors called beta-2 receptors in the muscles that line the airways, which causes them to relax
Used in asthma, collapsing trachea
Albuterol, Theophylline
Inhaled steroids
Fluticasone
Used in cats with asthma
Antihistamines
Block the release of histamine from cells
Used in allergic animals, does not work well
Diphenhydramine, Cyproheptidine, Hydroxyzine
Anti-tussive
Most block the opioid receptors in the airways
Used for cough supression in collapsing trachea dogs
Butorphanol, Hydrocodone
Antiemetics
Decrease nausea and vomiting
Maropitant (cerenia); Ondansetron
Anti ulcer agents
Famotidine, ranitidine, omeprazole- block stomach acid
Sucralfate- coats ulcers that are present
Appetite stimulants
Cyproheptadine, carpromorelin (entyce, elura)
Prokinetic Agents
Increase gut motility
Metoclopramide
Laxative
Soften stools
Polyethylene glycol (miralax); lactulose, docusate
Anti-diarrheals
Slow downt the GI tract
Kaolin pectin, Bismuth (will cause black stools)
Emetics
Cause vomiting
Apomorphine
Thyroid hormones
Levothyroxine- used in hypothyroidism (dogs)
Methimazole- used in hyperthyroidism (cats)
Corticosteroids
Used to supress the immune system, used to decrease inflammation
Dexamethasone, Prednisone
