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Vet Tech Review > Lab Terms > Flashcards

Lab Terms Flashcards

1
Q

This is an example of:

A

Agglutination: The clumping of small particles suspended in a solution (like RBCs)
Ex: IMHA (Immune mediated hemolytic anemia)

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2
Q

Aggregation

A

a clumped mass of material.

Ex: Platelet Clumps

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3
Q

Define: Agranulocyte

A

White blood cell without granules (e.g., monocytes and lymphocytes).

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4
Q

Define: Anemia

A

A decrease in hemaglobin, RBC’s and Hematocrit (decreased oxygen carrying capacity)

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5
Q

This is an example of:

A

Anisocytosis: Variation in size
This can be due to increased numbers of large RBC or small RBC, or a combination of both. Some degree of anisocytosis is normal in animals.

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6
Q

Define: Anuria

A

Unable to produce urine

Ex: Antifreeze toxicity; Leptospirosis

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7
Q

Define: Azurophilic granules

A

a cellular object readily stainable with a Romanowsky stain.

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8
Q

Define: Basophilia

A

An increase in basophils
Rare
Ex: Some types of leukemia

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9
Q

What is this called? When does it occur?

A

Basophilic stippling on RBC’s

Ex: Lead poisoning, rarely anemia

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10
Q

Define: Bilirubin

A

an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile. (Will cause serum to be yellow if elevated)
Ex: Elevated in liver failure, fatty liver, leptospirosis.

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11
Q

Define: Bilirubinuria

A

Elevated bilirubin in the urine (evaluated on the dipstick)

Ex: can be normal in dogs; Never normal in cats (indicates liver disease)

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12
Q

What is in the buffy coat?

A

It contains WBC and platelets

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13
Q

Define: Coagulation

A

the action or process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid state.
The formation of a blood clot

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14
Q

Define: Conjugated bilirubin

A

The bilirubin that once it reaches the liver and undergoes a chemical change. It moves to the intestines before being removed through your stool.

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15
Q

Define: Continence

A

The ability to voluntarily control a reaction like defecation and urination

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16
Q

What is this type of RBC called?

A

Crenation: the formation of abnormal notching around the edge of an erythrocyte (burr cell).
Can be seen in urine with a high specific gravity;

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17
Q

Define: Crystaluria

A

The presence of crystals in a urine sample

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18
Q

Define: Cylinduria

A

The presence of casts in urine

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19
Q

Define: Cystocentisis

A

Collection of urine from the bladder with a needle and syringe

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20
Q

Define: Dysuria

A

Difficult urination

Can happen when an intact male dog can only pass small amounts of urine due to an elarged prostate.

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21
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Ecchymosis

Can occur in rat bait toxicity and ITP (immune mediated thrombocytopenia)

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22
Q

Define: Endogenous substances

A

Produced inside an organism or cell

Ex: Hormones, Antibodies

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23
Q

Define: Eosinopenia

A

Decrease in eosinophils

Ex: Sepsis, Cushings (increased cortisol)

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24
Q

Define: Erythropoiesis

A

The production of new red blood cells

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25
Q

Define: EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid )

What color blood tube is it in?

A

This white, water-soluble solid is widely used to bind to iron and calcium ions. It prevents blood from clotting
Purple top tubes

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26
Q

Define: Exogenous substances

A

substances that originate from outside a living organism.

Ex: Antibiotics

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27
Q

Define: Fibrinolysis

A

The breakdown of fibrin

This breaks down small blood clots in the body

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28
Q

Define: Glucosuria

A

Glucose in the urine (evaluated on dipstick)

Ex: Diabetes Melitus; some antibiotics can cause a false positive

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29
Q

Define: Granulocyte

A

Any of a group of white blood cells having granules in the cytoplasm.
Ex: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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30
Q

Define: Hematuria

A

Blood present in the urine
(evaluated on gross exam, dipstick and under the microscope)
Ex: Bladder infection; rat bait toxicity; trauma

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31
Q

Define: Hemaglobinura

A

The presence of hemaglobin in urine
Evaluated grossly (after spinning the urine down) and on the dipstick
Ex: Bladder infection

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32
Q

Define: Hemolysis

A

The destruction or dissolution of red blood cells, with subsequent release of hemoglobin.
Ex: can happen from collection of blood samples
Can also happen in the body by different diseases (ex: IMHA)

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33
Q

Define: Hemostasis

A

The stopage of bleeding

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34
Q

Define: Heterophil

A

predominate granulated leukocyte in the acute inflammatory response in birds

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35
Q

Define: Hyperchromasia

A

Elevated hemaglobin concentration

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36
Q

What is this an example of? When does it happen?

A

Hypersegmented Neutrophil

Ex: Prolonged life of a neutrophil (increased corticosteroids, inflammation)

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37
Q

Define: Hypersthisuria

A

Elevated specific gravity

FYI: I have never heard of this word… its dumb…

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38
Q

Define: Hypertonic

A

having an osmotic pressure greater than that of the solution with which it is compared
Ex: Hypertonic saline- used in cattle to correct dehydration and get them to drink more water (elevated salt [NaCl])
Used in dogs/cats with head trauma

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39
Q

Define: Hypochromic

A

Decreased hemaglobin

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40
Q

Define: Hyposthinuric

A

urine with low specific gravity

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41
Q

Define: Incontinence

A

The inability to control defecation or urination

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42
Q

Define: Isosthenuria

A

excretion of urine that has not been concentrated by the kidneys
Specific gravity: 1.001

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43
Q

Define: Ketonemia

A

Presence of ketones in the blood

Ex: Diabetes melitus, Milk fever

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44
Q

Define: Ketonuria

A

Ketones present in the urine

Ex: Diabetes mellitus, Milk fever

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45
Q

Define: Left shift

A

Increased immature leukocytes; usually with inflammation or infection
Seen on a blood smear

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46
Q

What type of cell if this? When will you see them?

A

Leptocyte

Can happen with liver disease

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47
Q

Define: Leukemia

A

Cancerous cells of the any blood line (RBC, WBC, Platelets) or in the bone marrow

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48
Q

Define: Leukocytosis

A

Elevated WBC count
Elevated via CBC machine and Blood smear
Ex: Inflammation, Infection, Leukemia

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49
Q

Define: Leukopenia

A

Decreased WBC count

EX: Sepsis, infection (tick-borne and others)

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50
Q

Define: Lymphocytosis

A

Elevated lymphocytes

Ex: infection, corticosteroids, inflammation, stress, post vaccination

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51
Q

Define: Macrocytic

A

Enlarged red blood cells

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52
Q

Define: Microcytic

A

Decreased size of RBCs

53
Q

Define: Micturition

A

Act of urination

54
Q

Define: Monocytosis

A

Eleveated monocytes

Ex: Stress, inflammation, secondary to cancer

55
Q

Define: Myoglobinuria

A

Myoglobin in the urine
If urine is red and you spin it down and it is still red, that is myoglobinuria
Ex: trauma, heat stroke, myocytis

56
Q

Define: Neutropenia

A

Decreased neutrophils

Ex: Sepsis, decreased production (bone marrow), increased destruction (immune mediated)

57
Q

Define: Neutrophilia

A

Elevated neutrophils

Ex: Stress, inflammation, infection, increased production

58
Q

Define: New Methylene blue (NMB)

What is it used for

A

A basic thiazine dye

Used for: used to evaluate inclusions in the RBCs

59
Q

Define: Normochromic

A

Normal level of hemaglobin

60
Q

Define: Normocytic

A

Normal RBC size

61
Q

What is this? When do you see them?

A 
Nucleated RBC (nRBC)
Immature RBC
Ex: Seen in regenerative anemias (the body is trying to produce RBCs and spits them out too early.. so they still have a nucleus)
62
Q

Define: Oliguria

A

Decreased urine output

63
Q

Define: Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

A

Measure of red blood cell mass (amount of RBCs in the blood)
Ex: Elevated PCV- Dehydration
Decreased PCV- Anemia

64
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Petechiae

Ex: occurs with ITP (immune mediated thrombocytopeina); Anaplasmosis

65
Q

Define: pH

A

a measure of the degree to which a solution is acidic or alkaline (basic)
Ex: Measured on urine dipstick

66
Q

Define: Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood that contains water, proteins, mineral salts, sugars, fats, hormones and vitamins.

67
Q

Define: Poikilocytosis

A

RBCs with an abnormal shape

68
Q

Define: Point of care testing

A

A test that can be run “bed side” or “cage side”

Ex: The only one we have at the clinic is the glucometer

69
Q

Define: Pollakiuria

A

Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
Ex: When an owner calls to say a male cat is in and out of the litter box constantly passing tiny amounts of urine (Right before they become obstructed)

70
Q

Define: Polychromasia

A

RBCs appear bluish; indicating young RBCs (like in a regenerative anemia)

71
Q

Define: Polychromatiphilia

A

RBCs staining differently due to them being immature

72
Q

Define: Polycythemia

A

Increase in total RBC volume (seen on CBC machine or PCV)

Ex: Dehydrated animals; EVERY Dachshaund I do blood on has this

73
Q

Define: Polyuria

A

Excessive urination

EX: Cusings, Diabetes Mellitus, chronic kidney disease

74
Q

Define: Postparandial

A

After eating

75
Q

Define: Protienuria

A

Protien in the urine

Ex: cause by kidney disease, Lyme disease, if there is RBC, WBC or bacteria in the urine

76
Q

Define: RBC

A

The blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body

77
Q

Define: Right Shift

A

When there is a large number of abnormally mature WBCs in the blood.
I have never heard of this… your book is dumb ;)

78
Q

What is happening with these red blood cells?

A

Rouleaux (this is NOT agglutination)
Normal in: Horses, cats
Abnormal in dogs- can happen with elevated globulins (cancer, infection)

79
Q

What are the circled cells? Why does it happen

A

Schistocytes

Ex: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, glomerular disease, vasculitis, portosystemic shunts and vascular neoplasms (e.g. hemangiosarcoma)

80
Q

What are these? Why do they happen?

A

Smudge cells

Usually occur with leukemia

81
Q

Define: Specific Gravity

A

measurement of the density of urine compared to pure water

Used to evaluate the kidneys concentrating ability

82
Q

What type of cell is this? When do we see these?

A

Spherocytes
RBCs with lack of central pallor
Ex: IMHA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia)

83
Q

What type of cells are these? When do they happen?

A

Stomatocytes

Ex: Hereditary in husky’s; Normal finding in dolphins :)

84
Q

Define: Thrombocytosis

A

Elevated Platelets

Ex: Common in thyroid disease and cushings; can also see with IBD

85
Q

Define: Thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased platelets

Ex: Anaplasmosis, ITP (immune mediated thrombocytopenia)

86
Q

Define: Thrombocythemia

A

A disease where the bone marrow produces too many platelets

87
Q

What type of cell is this? What causes them?

A

Torocyte

Usually an artifact from slide preperation

88
Q

What type of cell is this? What causes it?

A

Toxic neutrophil

Ex: Inflammation, infection

89
Q

Define: Turbidity

A

Cloudiness of a liquid (like urine)

90
Q

Define: Urinometer

A

A type of instrument to measure specific gravity

91
Q

Define: Urobilin

A

a brownish pigment formed by oxidation of urobilinogen; found in the feces and sometimes in the urine after standing in the air.

92
Q

Define: Urobilinogen

A

a colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin

93
Q

Define: Urolith

A

Bladder stone

94
Q

Define: White blood cell (WBC)

A

Blood cells that function as part of the immune system

95
Q

Define: Anticoagulant

A

A solution that prevents blood from clotting (Heparin, EDTA, Citrate)

96
Q

Define: Azotemia

A

Elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

97
Q

Define: Bile

A

a clear yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver. It is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder, and is poured into the small intestine via the bile ducts when needed for digestion.

98
Q

Define: Cholestasis

A

An interuption in excretion of bile from the gallbladder

Ex: Liver disease, mucus in gallbladder

99
Q

Define: Dry chemistry

A

the use of strips impregnated with dry reagents to which the specimen is added.
Ex: Urinalysis strips

100
Q

Define: Electrolytes

A

Salts and minerals that can conduct electrical impulses in the body. Common electrolytes are sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and sodium bicarbonate. Electrolytes control the fluid balance of the body and are important in muscle contraction, energy generation, and almost every major biochemical reaction in the body.

101
Q

Define: Electrophoresis

A

Used to seperate out different types of proteins.

Ex: Used to differentiate types of proteins in blood to help diagnosis tick borne disease veruses cancer

102
Q

Define: Endogenous

A

Made in the body

103
Q

Define: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

A

any enzyme immunoassay using an enzyme-labeled immunoreactant (antigen or antibody)
Ex: Our 4dx uses this

104
Q

Define: Hemoglobinemia

A

presence of free hemoglobin in the blood plasma

Ex: IMHA

105
Q

Define: Hypercalcemia

A

Elevated calcium

Ex: Anal gland tumors cause calcium to rise

106
Q

Define: Hyperchloremia

A

Elevated chloride in the blood

Ex: Can happen with renal (kidney) failure

107
Q

Define: hyperglycemia

A

Elevated blood glucose

Ex: Diabetes mellitus; stress (esp cats!!)

108
Q

Define: Hyperkalemia

A

Elevated potassium

Ex: Addisons, Leptospirosis, Blocked cats

109
Q

Define: Hyperlipidemia

A 
Elevated lipids (fats) in the blood
Ex: Caused by hypothyroidism (dogs) or can be genetic
110
Q

Define: Hypernatremia

A

Elevated sodium in the blood

Ex: Paint ball toxicity

111
Q

Define: hyperparathyroidism

A

The parathyroid gland is over producing hormones that cause the body to over produce calcium and in turn lose phosphorus.

112
Q

Define: hyperphosphatemia

A

Elevated blood phosphorus

Ex: Kidney failure (causes them to not eat)

113
Q

Define: Hypocalcemia

A

Decreased blood calcium

Ex: Inflammatory bowel disease (decreased absorption); Milk fever, Labor

114
Q

Define: Hypochloremia

A

Decreased chloride in the body

Ex: Vomiting (there is a lot of chloride in the stomach acid)

115
Q

Define: Hypokalemia

A

Decreased blood potassium

Ex: Chronic kidney disease (lost into the urine)

116
Q

Define: Hyponatremia

A

Decreased sodium

Ex: Vomiting (sodium follows chloride)

117
Q

Define: Hypoparathyroidism

A

Where the parathyroid gland does not produce enough calcium and will then over produce phosphorus

118
Q

Define: Hypophosphatemia

A

Decreased blood phosphorus

Ex: Hyperparathyroidism; Milk fever

119
Q

Define: icterus

A

The yellow coloration of serum, plasma, mucous membranes, sclera when the liver is not functioning

120
Q

Define: Lipemia

A

When serum or plasma has a white, milky apperance due to high blood fat

121
Q

Define: Malabsorption

A

Unable to absorb nutrients well

122
Q

Define: Myositis

A

Inflammation of muscles

123
Q

Define: Osmostic pressure

A

the pressure required to stop osmosis through a semipermeable membrane between a solution and pure solvent; it is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.

Example: If a pet has low albumin the liquid portion of the blood will freely flow out of blood vessles into the tissue causing edema.

124
Q

Define: Photometry

A

Measurement of the intensity of light- used in our chemistry machine to measure the level of enzymes in the blood (like in our Chem 10 etc)

125
Q

Define: Prehepatic

A

Happening before the liver

Prehepatic cholestasis can be cause by pancreatitis (the pancrease swells and block excretion of bile)

126
Q

Define: Rapid immunomigration

A

Can be used to detect bacterial particles (other brands of heartworm tests use this)

127
Q

Define: Refractometer

A

Used to measure specific gravity and total protein

128
Q

Define: Serum

A

an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates. Does not contain fibrinogen

Vet Tech Review (3 decks)

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