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dental > radiographic imaging > Flashcards

radiographic imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Electron

A

-A negatively charged particle in the atom

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2
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work, cannot be created or destroyed, but can change forms

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3
Q

extension arm

A

flexible arm that is attached to the x-ray tube head

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4
Q

genetic effects

A

effects of radiation that are passed on to future generations through genetic cells

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5
Q

image

A

film-based / digitally produced recordings of anatomic structures

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6
Q

image receptor

A

a recording medium for an image, normally film, phosphor storage plate (PSP), or a digital sensor

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7
Q

intensity

A

the total energy of the x-ray beam

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8
Q

ion

A

an electrically charged particle

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9
Q

ionization

A

process when elections are removed from atoms, causing harmful effects of radiation in humans

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10
Q

ionizing

A

radiation that produces ionization resulting in harmful effects

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11
Q

kilovoltage

A

highest voltage of x-ray tube used during exposure

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12
Q

latent period (laytent)

A

time between exposure to ionizing radiation and appearance of symptoms

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13
Q

lead apron

A

device used to protect the reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation

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14
Q

magnification

A

the proportional enlargement of an image

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15
Q

components of control panel (4)

A

master switch, indicator light, selector buttons, exposure button

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16
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has form or shape

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17
Q

millampere

A

one thousandths of an ampere; a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current

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18
Q

penumbra

A

the blurred or indistinct area that surrounds an image

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19
Q

photon

A

a minute (tiny) bundle of pure energy that has no weight or mass

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20
Q

primary beam

A

the most penetrating beam produced at the target of the anode

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21
Q

primary radiation

A

same as primary beam

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22
Q

quality (of an x-ray beam)

A

the mean energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam

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23
Q

quantity (of an x-ray beam)

A

the number of x-rays produced in the dental unit ; the quantity of x-rays produced is controlled by milliamperage

24
Q

radiation

A

forms of waves of energy of energy emission through space or material

25
Q

radiation monitoring badge

A

a devise that contains a film packet used to detect and measure radiation exposure of personnel

26
Q

radiograph

A

image produced on photosensitive film by exposing the film to radiation then processing it

27
Q

radiology

A

the science or study of radiation as used in medicine

28
Q

scatter radiation

A

a form of secondary radiation that occurs when an x-ray beam has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter

29
Q

secondary radiation

A

x-ray radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter

30
Q

sensor

A

a solid-slate image receptor that contains a silicone chip with an electric circuit

31
Q

sharpness

A

a measure of how well an image reproduces the fine details or outline of an object

32
Q

somatic effects

A

effects of radiation that cause illness and are responsible for poor health (cancer, leukemia, and cataracts) but are not passed off to offspring

33
Q

thyroid collar

A

a flexible lead shield that is placed securely around the neck

34
Q

tubehead

A

the part of the x-ray unit that contains the x-ray tube, the high-voltage and low-voltage transformers, and insulating oil

35
Q

tungsten target

A

a focal spot in the anode

36
Q

x-radiation

A

high-energy ionizing electromagnetic radiation

37
Q

describe use of dental imagining

A
  • needed for COE

- used to detect conditions not visible

38
Q

what happens during ionizations

A
  • x-ray photons (energy) collide with electrons in the electron shell and electrons are removed from shell
39
Q

describe the properties of x-rays

A
  • x-rays belong to electromagnetic radiation
  • visible light, radar, radio, and tv waves
  • electromagnetic radiation is composed of photons that travel through space at the speed of light in a straight line with wave like motion
  • SHORTER WAVELENGTH - GREATER ENERGY
    • bc they high energy they penetrate matter easily
40
Q

identify the parts of the dental x-ray machine and the x-ray tube

A

-Tube head
•tightly sealed, heavy metal housing that contains radiograph tube
•contains insulating oils to absorb heat from x-rays
•tubehead seal keeps oil in and filters x-ray beams
•where x-rays are produced
•transformer alters the voltage of incoming electrical current

-extension arm
• attached for means of 360° extension
• horizontally and vertically
• never leave extended or it gets loose

-control panel
• on wall outside of x-ray area
• contains master switch(used to turn the machine on and off orange is on), an indicator light(comes on only one exposure button is being pushed and x-rays are being emitted), selector buttons, and an exposure button(Controls the flow of electricity to generate the x-rays)
• selector button is used to select exposure time (milliamperage and kilovoltage) therefore regulating the x-ray beam

41
Q

explain how x-rays are produced

A
  • x-ray machine is plugged in
  • current travels from control panel to tube head through wires in extension arm
  • current travels through the step down transformer to the filament of the cathode (110 or 220 volts to 3-5)
  • filament uses votes to heat tungsten filament in cathode portion of x-ray tube (heat causes thermionic emission) -the release of electrons from tungsten filament
  • electrons stay in cloud within focusing cup until expose button is pushed
  • electrons in cloud are shot across x-ray tube to anode
  • molybdenum cup in cathode directs electrons to tungsten target in anode
  • when electrons strike target, energy of motion creates x-ray and heat (LESS THAN 1% OF ENERGY CONVERTED TO X-RAYS, 99% LOST AS HEAT)
  • heat is carried away from copper stem and absorbed by insulating oil in tubehead
  • x-ray travels through unleaded glass window of tube, tubehead seal and aluminum filter.
  • aluminum filter removers the longer-wavelength x-rays from beam
  • x-ray beam travels through the collimator, size is restricted, travels down PID and exits at opening (cheek)
42
Q

identify the types of radiation

A

-primary radiation / useful beam / primary beam
•made up of x-rays that come from target of x-ray tube

-secondary radiation
•x-radiation that is created when primary beam interacts with matter
(secondary radiation is created when the x-rays of the primary beam contact the patient’s tissues)

-scatter radiation
•form of secondary radiation that occurs when an x-ray beam has been deflected from its path by matter
•deflected in all directions by patient tissues and travels to all parts of body and dental operatory

43
Q

describe the three characteristics of the x-ray beam

A

-quality (wavelength and energy)
•energy or penetrating ability of x-ray beam

•controlled by kV, higher the kV more penetrating x-ray less energy longer wave lengths

  • higher kV used when area is thick or dense (darkened or blackness of image)
  • changing kV peak changes density

-quantity
•number of x-rays produced in the dental unit
•(A) ampere -unit used for # of electrons or current flowing throw cathode filament
-ampere is usually milliamperes
-7 to 15 mA

-intensity
•combination of quantity of x-ray photons and quality of each
•affected by kV peak, milliamoerage, exposure time and distance

44
Q

describe how the kilovoltage affects the quality of the x-ray beam

A

-higher the kV more penetrating x-ray less energy longer wave lengths

45
Q

describe how the milliamperage affects the quality of the x-ray beam

A
  • Control the amount of time given to exposure of an image

- Time is too short or low MA image will not have correct overall density or will be light in appearance

46
Q

describe the difference between contrast and density

A

-contrast is the range of shades (black to white) an image on a radiograph can appear to be, density is the overall darkness or blackness of an image

47
Q

discuss the biological effects of radiation exposure on the human body

A

-Cumulative Effects
• when some tissue is damaged from exposure some do not return to original state

-Acute & Chronic Radiation Exposure
•acute-large dose of radiation is absorbed in short. Like a nuclear accident
•chronic -when small amounts of radiation is absorbed repetitively over a long period

-Genetic(sperm/ova) & Somatic (body) Effects
• damage to genetic cells is passed on generations called genetic mutations
•somatic effect is damage to all other cells but not passed on

  • sometimes patients tissue absorbs x-ray
  • ionization causes disruption of cellular metabolism and permanent damage to living cells and tissues
  • The atoms that lose electrons become positive and then are unstable of interactings
48
Q

identify the critical organs that are sensitive to radiation

A

-Skin
• reddening, erythema (more similar to sun burn)

-thyroid gland
• if collars were not used the radiation to thyroid gland could be significant

-Lens of the eye
• High dosage of radiation to the lens of the eye can cause Cataracs (a cloudiness of the lens)

-bone marrow
• significant radiation induced changes in bone marrow can result in leukemia

49
Q

discuss how radiation is measured

A

-metric system/systeme internationale (SI)

  • roentgen (R)
  • radiation absorbed dose (RAD)
  • roentgen equivalent in human (REM)

units:

  • coulombs per kg (C/kg)
  • the grey (Gy)
  • sievert (Sv)
50
Q

describe methods of protecting the patient from excess radiation

A
  • aluminum filtration, removes the low energy long wave length least penetrating x-rays from the beam.
  • collimator , used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam to reduce patient exposure
  • position indicator device (PID), used to detect the x-ray beam
  • lead apron & thyroid collar

-fast speed film, faster the film speed the less radiation exposure to patient
(larger the crystals on the film the faster the film)

-Image receptor holding device, keeps patient’s hands and fingers from being exposed to x-radiation
(also hold the image receptor in a stable position and assist the operator and properly positioning the PID)

  • exposure factor
  • proper technique
51
Q

describe measures used to protect the operator from excess radiation

A
  • dosimeter/radiation monitoring badge
  • stand behind wall
  • equipment monitoring for leaks
52
Q

explain the ALARA concept

AS LOW AS REASONABLE

A

-all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum or as low as reasonably achievable

53
Q

radiolucent

A

means dark, body structures that radiation can easily pass through appear radiolucent on an image

Air spaces, soft tissues, abscesses, tooth decay, and dental pulp

54
Q

radiopaque

A

means white or gray

body structures that radiation does not easily pass through appear radiopaque

tooth enamel, dense areas of bone and metal restorations

55
Q

Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)

A

-maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive in a specified period of time, the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no injury

dental (3 decks)

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