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Radiation Physics > Radiographic image: Radiographic film > Flashcards

Radiographic image: Radiographic film Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a remnant beam also known as?

A

Exit-ray beam

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2
Q

What is a remnant beam?

A

exits the tube and enters the patient

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of film design? Which part is where the image is formed?

A
  • base and emulsion

- emulsion

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4
Q

What is the film base made of? and what does it provide?

A
  • polyester

- rigidity and dimensional stability

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5
Q

What is emulsion made of?

A

-gelatin and contains Silver Halide Crystals (98% silver bromide and 2% iodide)

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6
Q

What are SHC composed of?

A

-high atomic number thus more readily X-rays and emit light photons from intensifying screens

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7
Q

What is it when X-rays and light interact via PE and Compton scatter interacts with SHC?

A

latent image

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8
Q

What is a contaminated emulsion by silver sulfide located in the center of Silver Bromide?

A

sensitivity speck/centre

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9
Q

What is the sensitivity speck responsible for?

A

-attracting and trapping an ion of silver and the electron producing a latent image

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10
Q

What shape are SHC?

A

-tubular

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11
Q

What is the difference between larger and smaller crystals?

A
  • Larger crystals: develops faster but low contrast

- Smaller crystals: develops slower but high contrast

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12
Q

How does a secondary electron form?

A

-When X-rays and photons interact with SHC via PE and Compton Scatter

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13
Q

How many silver atoms have most SHC collected and retained in the optimally exposed film?

A

4-10 silver atoms

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14
Q

True or False: Latent image is invisible

A

True

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15
Q

Where are screen-films most commonly used?

A

Within the image receptor and cassette’s intensifying screen

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16
Q

What are direct films used for?

A

Dentistry

17
Q

What are Image receptor films coated with?

A

double emulsion layer

18
Q

How do you prevent crossover exposure?

A

adding a dye or crossover control layer to the film base

19
Q

How long did manual processing take? and what were the steps to get an image?

A

-1 hour
-soaking the film
immersing it in the developer
-washing it
-drying it

20
Q

When and who introduced the first automatic processing machine? and how long did it take to manifest image?

A
  • 1942 Pako

- 40min

21
Q

When and who introduced the roller system?

A

-1956 Kodak

22
Q

When and who introduced automatic processing of 45 seconds per step?

A

-1987 Konica

23
Q

What is the automatic processing sequence?

A

Developing - Fixing - Washing - Drying

24
Q

What happens during the Developing stage? and what are the main components?

A
  • electrons are added to ionic silver to reduce it to metallic silver (e- + Ag+ = Ag).
  • hydroquinone and phenidone
25
Q

What is the difference between hydroquinone and phenidone?

A

Hydroquinone: slow, produces dark shades
Phenidone: fast, produces light shades

26
Q

What happens during the Fixing stage?

A

removing underexposed and underdeveloped SHC from the film emulsion via Sodium thiosulfate

27
Q

What is Sodium thiosulfate also known as?

A

Hypo

28
Q

What is acetic acid’s role in the fixing stage?

A

to neutralize the pH of the emulsion and stop the developer stage

29
Q

What temperature must be maintained during the Washing stage? and what kind of air is blown during the drying stage?

A
  • 3 degrees C

- Warm dry air

30
Q

What is added to only allow 5% film exposure (blackening)? How will this effect the patient dose?

A
  • Intensifying screens

- decreases patient dose (deceases mAs)

31
Q

What are intensifying screens’ roles?

A

-to intensify the effect of the X-ray photon by producing more light photons

32
Q

Which layer in the intensifying screen absorbs the X-ray photon and converts it to visible light that exposes the film

A

phosphor layer

33
Q

What molecules is related to Blue light? Green light?

A

Blue light: calcium tungstate (CaWO4) and lanthanum oxybromide (LaOBr)
Green light: gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S)

34
Q

What is called when the color of the light emitted (wavelength) must match the light sensitivity of the film used

A

spectral matching

Radiation Physics (7 decks)

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