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Physics > Radioactivity > Flashcards

Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

Thompsons plum pudding model

A

Electrons, negative

Positive something, make overall charge neutral

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2
Q

Rutherford

Alpha particle

A

Similar helium particles

Positively charged

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3
Q

Rutherford

Evacuated air

A

No other particles can disrupt the results

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4
Q

Rutherford

Gold foil

A

Fine gold sheet
Only few atoms thick
Too thick, alpha absorbed

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5
Q

Rutherford

Zinc sulphide screen

A

When hit by a charged particle, it gives off a photon of visible light
Can see when microscope lens hit with it

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6
Q

Rutherford results

A

Most alpha went through foil without deflection
Some deflected slightly
A few bounced back

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7
Q

Conclusion from Rutherford

A

Majority of particle is empty space, no deflection
Charged alpha particle direction changes by charge of nucleus which is positive
Backscattered, nucleus is very small, positive, high charge density

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8
Q

Ionisation

A

Result of an atom reacting with a radioactive particle which becomes and ion

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9
Q

Alpha decay

A

When nucleus of radioactive isotope emits 2p, 2n

New element formed

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10
Q

Beta decay

A

Neutron in nucleus turns into a p and releases an e

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11
Q

Gamma decay

A

Gamma radiation released during decay reactions

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12
Q

Radiation

A

Used in medical places
Tiny amounts of gamma is safe
Too much ionisation causes cell mutations

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13
Q

Penetrative power

A

a, thin paper
b, few mm of aluminium
y, lead

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14
Q

Deviation in magnetic field

A

a, South Pole
b, North Pole
y, no deviation

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15
Q

Detection of radioactive particles

A

Geiger muller tube
Cloud chamber
Photographic film

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16
Q

Protection from radiation

A 
Lead lined apron
Lead glass mirror
Wearing gloves
Remote handling
Reduce exposure time
17
Q

Dangers outside the body

A

b y, penetrate skin muscle

a, less likely to reach healthy cells

18
Q

Dangers inside the body

A

a, high ionising and absorption by cells

b y, less ionising, can escape

19
Q

Uses of alpha

A

Smoke alarms

Smoke particles ionised by alpha, alpha count goes down

20
Q

Uses of beta

A

Paper thickness checker
Too thin, too many pass
Too thick, not enough pass

21
Q

Uses of gamma

A

Crack detection in pipes
Tracers in medicine
Destroy cancerous cells
Irradiate fruit and surgical tools
Gamma has low ionising power, tumour receives a high dose of gamma that can kill cancerous tissue
Scalpels gamma radiated to remove bacteria

22
Q

Background radiation

A

Cosmic rays from space
Food
Gypsum, rocks, walls

23
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Random

No influence on other nuclei around it

24
Q

Half life

A

Average time taken for the number of nuclei of the isotope in the sample to half
Measured in Bq

25
Q

Carbon dating

A

All living things take in atmospheric carbon 14
Carbon dating compares the amount of carbon 14 in comparison with the same mass of living samples
Between 200-50000

26
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Stable isotope struck by a neutron

Isotope absorbs them, unstable, splits apart, releasing large amounts of energy, radioactive isotopes

27
Q

Fissionable substances

A

Uranium 235

Plutonium 239

28
Q

Fission products

A

Some are stable, others are unstable

Radioactive products will start a decay series until a stable isotope is formed

29
Q

Fuel rods, enriched uranium oxide

A

Higher proportion of uranium

30
Q

Graphite moderator

A

Absorbs some KE of neutrons

Slow moving neutrons are more likely to be absorbed by uranium 235

31
Q

Boron control rods

A

Absorbs neutrons to control reactions

32
Q

Nuclear waste

A

Most isotopes are too radioactive
Waste stored in cement inside reinforced steel drums
Spent fuel rods send to reprocessing plant to recover usable uranium
Strict regulations

33
Q

Dangers of nuclear waste

A

Short half life fission products are very radioactive
Long half life fission products are radioactive for a looong time

Terrorists can made bombs
Leakages harm environment

Physics (11 decks)

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