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Pelvis and Abdomen: R&O > Radioactivity > Flashcards

Radioactivity Flashcards

1
Q

transmutation

A

atom changing to another atom type

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2
Q

disintegration

A

nucleus changes its structure = change in mass number or atomic number

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3
Q

are larger Z more unstable or stable

A

unstable, as they are larger

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4
Q

more stable =

A

more neutrons

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5
Q

isotopes

A

different number of protons same number of neutrons

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6
Q

what are the decay types

A

positron
k-electron capture
gamma
beta
alpha

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7
Q

how does a nucleus become stable

A

emitting a particle
energy in the form of a gamma ray

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8
Q

alpha

A

only ejected if the atomic mass is 150+
occurs when there’s too few neutrons
doesn’t travel far
doesn’t penetrate deep
highly ionising

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9
Q

beta negative

A

too many neutrons [negatrons: -ve electric charge]
neutron -> potron + e/beta + antineutrino
emission of the beta causes transmutation to a different atom
atomic number increases, mass number stays the same

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10
Q

beta positive

A

too many protons, an antimatter equivalent to an electron (positron: positive electric charge)
proton -> positron + neutron (remains in nucleus)
positron + electron = annihiliation
positron reacts with the electron releasing two gamma rays (0.51MeV) emitted 180 degrees

beta have a equal mass to an electron

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11
Q

gamma

A

emitted from the nucleus
wavelength of 10^-8m or less
electron captures
too many protons not enough neutrons, pull an electron in
proton captures an inner electron and converts into a neutron which breaks the unstable nucleus. Nucleus changes from a high to low energy state
excess energy is released as a gamma ray
unstable nucleus emits a beta particle
very penetrating

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12
Q

where do isometric transitions occur

A

emission of gamma ray = internal conversion

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13
Q

standard definition of activity

A

activity of preparation:
amount of disintegrations or nuclear transformations occurring in a substance
or number of decays per unit time

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14
Q

definition of activity

A

number of transformations per second from one gram of radium

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15
Q

half life effective =

A

physical half life + biological half life

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16
Q

conversions of mCi in Bq

A

1mCi = 37MBq
1Ci = 37GBq
1Ci = 37,000,000 Bq

17
Q

what is the average life

A

amount of time it remains reactive in the nucleus

18
Q

physical half life

A

time taken for an element to half its activity

19
Q

biological half life

A

may vary dependent on if any abnormal pathology is present, or removal of any material by metabolic or excretory processes

20
Q

effective half life

A

time taken for an element in the organ to decay to half its original activity by metabolic process. Depends on the half life of the radioactive decay and the time taken for the radiopharmaceutical to be excreted

21
Q

what is a therapeutic dose

A

I-131

22
Q

what dose do you image and not treat

A

I-123

23
Q

short half life

A

cheap to manufacture
less dose to patients etc
low residual activity

24
Q

long half life

A

essential for unsealed sources

25
Q

iridium- 192

A

half life = 74 days
may be used in after loading equipment for brachytherapy
beta particle emitted
gamma ray energy = 296-613 KeV
high specific activity
stepping source on an inert wire, activated by neutron irradiation

26
Q

is iridium - 192 permanent or temporary

A

temporary

27
Q

iodine-125

A

60 day half life
electron capture
gamma energy = 35kev
produced by neutron activation
use: kinden immunoassay, prostatic cancer, delivering high doses with min SE

28
Q

is I-125 permanent or temporary

A

permanent

29
Q

caesium-137

A

artificially manufactured
30 year half life
effective for 20 years
beta particle emitted
gamma energy = 0.667 MeV
moderate specific activity
metal casing, stainless steel to absorb beta particle

30
Q

is caesium-137 permanent or temporary

A

temporary

31
Q

colbalt-60

A

half life is 5.27 years
beta particle emitted
gamma ray emitted = 1.17Mev + 1.33 MeV
high specific activity
in bead form in high dose after loading equipment

32
Q

is Co-60 permanent or temporary

A

temporary

33
Q

palladium - 103

A

17 day half life
electron capture
gamma energy = 21 Kev
produced by cyclotron
implanted into the prostate gland
covered onto two graphite pellets in between is a 1mm long lead marker to show up radiographic film

34
Q

is palladium -103 permanent or temporary

A

-

35
Q

gold- 198

A

2.7 day half life
implanted into tongue, prostate or lip
412 kev gamma energy
implanted in seed form
encapsulated by platinum

36
Q

is gold-198 permanent or temporary

A

-

37
Q

iodine-125 ophthalmic seed implants

A

uveal melanoma
in porous ceramic
gold marker
titanium capsule

Pelvis and Abdomen: R&O (22 decks)

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