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CPL - Navigation > Radio Navigation > Flashcards

Radio Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

In relation to radio waves - the number of crests that go past in a second are known as …..

A

the frequency

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2
Q

Frequency is measured in …..

A

Hertz

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3
Q

kHz = how many waves in a second …..

A

in the thousands

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4
Q

MHz = how many per second …..

A

millions

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5
Q

VHF radio waves are very ….. and travel through space in ….. …..

A

very energetic and travel through space in straight lines

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6
Q

VHF transimissions are often referred to as …..

A

line of sight transmissions

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7
Q

Most of the energy in a VHF transmission goes out through the …..

A

skywaves

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8
Q

VLF transmissiond tend to send out most of their energy into ….

A

the ground and flow through the earth as groundwaves

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9
Q

If a signal needs to travel great distances and follow the curvature of the earth what is best …..

A

VLF

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10
Q

If high quality is required then …… is used

A

VHF, UHF or SHF

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11
Q

LF transmission have a ….. groundwave but a ….. skywave

A

strong groundwave and a weak skywave

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12
Q

The NDB uses a …..

A

groundwave

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13
Q

NDB’s operate in a frequency band of ….. to …..

A

200 to 400 khz

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14
Q

Because the NDB uses LF its range is …..

A

not limited by LoS

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15
Q

Rated coverage of NDB’s can be from ….. to …..

A

30nm to 500nm

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16
Q

Carful of the ….. ….. stations when identifing a NDB

A

commercial AM broadcast

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17
Q

Sometimes the ….. can interfere with the proper function of the …..

A

skywave can interfere with the proper function of the ADF

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18
Q

Rated coverage of an NDB can be found in the …..

A

ERSA

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19
Q

NDB errors:

Night Effect -

A

The NDB sky waves can reflect off the ionosphere causing the signal to arrive later than the groundwave at the ADF causing interference

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20
Q

NDB errors:

Co-channel interference -

A

caused by other transmitters in the area transmitting on or adjacent frequencies

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21
Q

NDB errors:

Thunderstorm effects -

A

The radio frequencies transmitted by a CB can interfear with the NDB signals

22
Q

NDB errors:

Costal refraction -

A

When the signal travels over surfaces that change it causes it to bend. When it travels over the coast onto the water the signal bends towards the coast

23
Q

Aircraft experiencing costal refraction will need to do what to their heading when feet dry …..

A

alter their heading

24
Q

NDB errors:

Quadrantal Error -

A

This is interference caused by the structure of the aircraft interacting with the incoming signal

25
Q

The displacement of the ADF needle from the zero or the 180 position always represents …..

A

the angle at which the aircraft is presently sitting across the track to or from the station

26
Q

Describe homing to an NDB …..

A

When you keep the needle at the 000 position till you are at the NDB.

In zero wind this will be a straight line

In a cross wind this will be a curved path to the NDB

27
Q

When tracking to a from an NDB on a constant heading any deflection on the point or the tail of the needle is equal to the …..

A

drif being experienced

28
Q

When tracking to an NDB we are looking for ….. on the ADF

A

the point

29
Q

describe the ADF formula for the to and from results …..

A

Add the present heading to the ADF point indication

The sum of these is the to station

The bearing from the station is the from number less 1800

30
Q

to and from

heading = 085

ADF = 033

A

085 + 033 = 118M to the station

298M from the station

31
Q

to and from:

Heading = 226

ADF = 280

A

226 + 280 = 506 - 360 = 146M to the station

146 + 180 = 326 from the station

32
Q

to and from:

Heading = 144

ADF = 200

A

144 + 200 = 344 to the station

344 - 180 = 164 from the station

33
Q

to and from:

Heading = 333

ADF = 150

A

333 +150 = 483 - 360 = 123 to the station

123 + 180 = 303 from the station

34
Q

VOR

When the CDI is centred the aircraft is positioned …..

A

on the selected track to or from the station

35
Q

VOR

When the CDI is on the edge of the centre circle the aircraft is …..

A

20 off the selected track

36
Q

VOR

Each of the dots on the face of the VOR is …..

A

20

37
Q

VOR

The heading of the aircraft …..

A

has nothing to do with the signal that is received

38
Q

The VOR is completely ……

A

independent of the aircrafts heading

39
Q

The To/From indication will change if you turn onto a reciprocal heading

T/F

A

F

the VORs indication is independent of the aircrafts heading

40
Q

Remember in VOR terminology the word ‘From’ means …..

A

tracking away from the station

41
Q

Define command sense for the VOR ….

A

the OBS heading is set to the station

the aircrafts heading is pointing to the station

42
Q

Would an observer be able to tell what heading an aircraft is on by knowing what radial it is on …..

A

No because the radial that an aircraft is on has no bearing on its heading

43
Q

Each VOR radial is named by its ….. direction

A

outbound direction

44
Q

The pilot is ….. ….. in radials during normal navigation

A

not interested

45
Q

When communicating with ….. ….. or …. the radial is considered

A

other pilots or ATC

46
Q

5 types of VOR errors, name them:

A
  1. Ground station error
  2. Site effect error
  3. Terrain effect
  4. Airborne equipment error
  5. Vertical polarisation effect
47
Q

The aggregate error of all of the potential VOR errors is …..

A

+/- 50 but errors of +/- 20 are rare

VOR’s are not perfect or precision nav stations

48
Q

Where can you find the rated coverage of a VOR station …..

A

ERSA and AIP 1.5 page 5

49
Q

Where can I find the methods that describe how to take a position fix with ground based (non-gps) aids …..

A

AIP ENR 1.1 para 19.5.1 (marked)

50
Q

There are 2 approved methods in relation to using a fix with the use of radio nav aids …..

A
  1. The intersection of two or more position lines at an angle of not less than 450
  2. The passage of the aircraft over the station

Using these 2 methods will ensure certainty of the fix and hence the position

51
Q

Using NDB’s for a fix requires 1 very simple rule …..

A

the 2 NDB’s must be within 30nm of eachother regardless of their rated coverage

CPL - Navigation (9 decks)

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