Radicals

Question 1

hybridization of carbocations

Answer 1

sp2

Question 2

geometric shape of sp2 hybridized carbocation

Answer 2

trigonal planar

Question 3

hybridization of carbanions

Answer 3

sp3

Question 4

geometric shape of sp3 hybridized carbanion

Answer 4

tetrahedral

Question 5

hybridization of radicals

Answer 5

sp2 with the extra electron in the p orbital

Question 6

3 Stages in All Radical Rxns

Answer 6

1 - INITIATION
conversion of nonradicals into radicals through homolytic bond cleavage (splitting a bond evenly so one electron goes to each side)

2 - PROPAGATION
radicals formed in intiation react with nonradicals to form new radical and non-radicals

3 - TERMINATION
radicals react with eachother to form non-radicals

Question 7

Homolytic Bond Cleavage

Answer 7

When the bond breaks, one electron goes to the the atom on the left and one electron goes to the atom on the right.

Question 8

Heterolytic Bond Cleavage

Answer 8

Both electrons go to one atom and none go to the other when a bond breaks

Question 9

Most stable Carbocation

Answer 9

Tertiary Carbocation

Question 10

Least Stable Carbocation

Answer 10

CH3

Question 11

Most Stable Carbanion

Answer 11

CH3

Question 12

Least Stable Carbanion

Answer 12

Tertiary Carbanion

Question 13

Radicals are _____ deficient.

Answer 13

Electron

Question 14

Most Sable Radical

Answer 14

Tertiary Radical

Question 15

Least Stable Radical

Answer 15

CH3

Question 16

Why is bromination more regioselective than chlorination?

Answer 16

The Bromination reaction is endothermic and requires a lot of energy and therefore it is higly regioselective.
On the other hand, Chlorination is exothermic and releases a lot of energy.

Question 17

racemic mixture

Answer 17

a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers

Question 18

enantiomer

Answer 18

nonsuperimposable mirror image molecules.

Identical connectivity, but opposite 3D shape.

Question 19

allylic position

Answer 19

the position adjacent to a C=C bond

Question 20

benzylic position

Answer 20

the position adjacent to a benzene ring

Question 21

Markovnikov Rxn

Answer 21

The hydrogen bonds to the least subsituted side of the double bond and the halogen bonds to the most substituted side of the double bond

Question 22

Anti-Markovnikov Rxn

Answer 22

H bonds at the more substituted side of the double bond and the halogen bonds on the least substituted side of the double bond

Question 23

What type of mechanism does the presence of peroxide and heat indicate?

Answer 23

a radical rxn

Question 24

Diastereomers

Answer 24

molecules with the same molecular formula and connectivity but are non-superimposible and are not mirror images.

Question 25

Which process is faster: Chlorination or Bromination?

Answer 25

Chlorination

Question 26

Chlorination is selective or non-selective?

Answer 26

non-selective

Question 27

Bromination is selective or non-selective?

Answer 27

selective (results in a mixture of products)

Question 28

Transition states in endothermic rxns resembe the _______.

Answer 28

Products

Question 29

Transition states in exothermic rxns resemble the _______.

Answer 29

reactants