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OChem II > Radicals > Flashcards

Radicals Flashcards

1
Q

hybridization of carbocations

A

sp2

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2
Q

geometric shape of sp2 hybridized carbocation

A

trigonal planar

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3
Q

hybridization of carbanions

A

sp3

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4
Q

geometric shape of sp3 hybridized carbanion

A

tetrahedral

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5
Q

hybridization of radicals

A

sp2 with the extra electron in the p orbital

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6
Q

3 Stages in All Radical Rxns

A

1 - INITIATION
conversion of nonradicals into radicals through homolytic bond cleavage (splitting a bond evenly so one electron goes to each side)

2 - PROPAGATION
radicals formed in intiation react with nonradicals to form new radical and non-radicals

3 - TERMINATION
radicals react with eachother to form non-radicals

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7
Q

Homolytic Bond Cleavage

A

When the bond breaks, one electron goes to the the atom on the left and one electron goes to the atom on the right.

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8
Q

Heterolytic Bond Cleavage

A

Both electrons go to one atom and none go to the other when a bond breaks

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9
Q

Most stable Carbocation

A

Tertiary Carbocation

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10
Q

Least Stable Carbocation

A

CH3

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11
Q

Most Stable Carbanion

A

CH3

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12
Q

Least Stable Carbanion

A

Tertiary Carbanion

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13
Q

Radicals are _____ deficient.

A

Electron

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14
Q

Most Sable Radical

A

Tertiary Radical

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15
Q

Least Stable Radical

A

CH3

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16
Q

Why is bromination more regioselective than chlorination?

A

The Bromination reaction is endothermic and requires a lot of energy and therefore it is higly regioselective.
On the other hand, Chlorination is exothermic and releases a lot of energy.

17
Q

racemic mixture

A

a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers

18
Q

enantiomer

A

nonsuperimposable mirror image molecules.

Identical connectivity, but opposite 3D shape.

19
Q

allylic position

A

the position adjacent to a C=C bond

20
Q

benzylic position

A

the position adjacent to a benzene ring

21
Q

Markovnikov Rxn

A

The hydrogen bonds to the least subsituted side of the double bond and the halogen bonds to the most substituted side of the double bond

22
Q

Anti-Markovnikov Rxn

A

H bonds at the more substituted side of the double bond and the halogen bonds on the least substituted side of the double bond

23
Q

What type of mechanism does the presence of peroxide and heat indicate?

A

a radical rxn

24
Q

Diastereomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula and connectivity but are non-superimposible and are not mirror images.

25
Q

Which process is faster: Chlorination or Bromination?

A

Chlorination

26
Q

Chlorination is selective or non-selective?

A

non-selective

27
Q

Bromination is selective or non-selective?

A

selective

(results in a mixture of products)

28
Q

Transition states in endothermic rxns resembe the _______.

A

Products

29
Q

Transition states in exothermic rxns resemble the _______.

A

reactants

OChem II (9 decks)

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