Radiation: Types, Sources, and Doses Received

Question 1

Radiation

• Is ___ energy and exits in many forms.
• The range of energies are based on their ___ and ___ on the ___.
• This spectrum ranks all ___ – usually higher frequencies are associated with ___ wavelengths (more ___)

Answer 1

Radiation

• Is kinetic energy and exits in many forms.
• The range of energies are based on their frequency and wavelength on the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
• This spectrum ranks all electromagnetic radiations – usually higher frequencies are associated with shorter wavelengths (more penetrating)

Question 2

Relationship:

• Wavelength and frequency are ___ proportional (one goes ___ the other goes ___)
• As the wavelength decreases (___), the ___ power ____
• All wavelengths travel ___

Answer 2

Relationship:

• Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional (one goes up the other goes down)
• As the wavelength decreases (shortens), the penetrating power increases
• All wavelengths travel at the speed of light.

Question 3

Types of Radiations

• 1. ___ radiation (adding or losing an electron)
• 2. ___ radiation (doesn’t lose electron)
• 3. ___ radiation (radiation in patient’s body gives off gamma radiation)

Answer 3

Types of Radiations

• 1. ionizing radiation (adding or losing an electron)
• 2. nonioning radiation (doesn’t lose electron)
• 3. Particulate radiation (radiation in patient’s body gives off gamma radiation)

Question 4

Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation (penetrative easily through matter):
• ___
• ___
• ___

Nonionizing radiations (nonpenetrating - long wavelength - still have wavelengths)
• ___
• ___
• ___
• ___

Answer 4

Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation (penetrative easily through matter):
• X-rays
• Gamma rays
• Ultraviolet radiation with energy greater than 10 eV

Nonionizing radiations (nonpenetrating - long wavelength - still have wavelengths)
• Visible light
• Microwave
• Radiowaves
• Toaster

Question 5

Particulate Radiation

What is particulate radiation and what is it comprised of?

Answer 5

Particulate Radiation

What is particulate radiation and what is it comprised of?

Particulate Radiation = subatomic particles that are ejected from the nucleus of the atom

1. Beta particles or beta rays
2. Alpha particles
3. Neutrons
4. Protons

Question 6

Describe the 4 things particulate radiation is comprised of

1. Beta particles or beta rays

• • Are identical to high-speed ___ except from their origin.
• ___ are emitted from within the ___ of ___ atoms +Oncology uses a ___ acclerator

2. Alpha particles or alpha rays
   * Are emitted from the ___ of very heavy ___ such as ___
   * alpha and beta particles are usually used in radiation therapy*
3. Neutrons
   * if an atom has approximately the same mass as a ___ but different number of ___ in their nuclei, they are referred to as ___. (___ used in Nuclei)
4. Proton
   * ___ charged components of the ___
   - an isolated ___
   * Neutrons and protons are the biggest ones in imaging*

Answer 6

Describe the 4 things particulate radiation is comprised of

1. Beta particles or beta rays

• • Are identical to high-speed electrons except from their origin.
• Electrons are emitted from within the nuclei of radioactive atoms +Oncology uses a linear acclerator

2. Alpha particles or alpha rays
   * Are emitted from the nuclei of very heavy elements such as uranium
   * alpha and beta particles are usually used in radiation therapy*
3. Neutrons
   * if an atom has approximately the same mass as a proton but different number of neutrons in their nuclei, they are referred to as isotopes. (radioisotopes used in Nuclei)
4. Proton
   * positive charged components of the atom
   - an isolated photon
   * Neutrons and protons are the biggest ones in imaging*

Question 7

Radiation Dose

1. Absorbed Dose - Radiation absorbed in ___ (__ Units ___ or m__)
2. Equivalent Dose (EqD) -takes in account the ___ of radiation that was ___ (___ or m__)
3. Effective Dose (EfD) -best estimate of overall ___ to the ___ —takes into account the ___ of radiation (___ or m__)

Answer 7

Radiation Dose

1. Absorbed Dose - Radiation absorbed in tissue (Gray Units Gy or mGy)
2. Equivalent Dose (EqD) -takes in account the type of radiation that was absorbed (Sievert or mSv)
3. Effective Dose (EfD) -best estimate of overall harm to the tissue —takes into account the type of radiation (Seivert or mSv)

Question 8

Biological Damage

• ___ damage – changes to cell ___ can cause ___, ___, ___
• Changes to ___ damage – changes in the ___ (___ depression, or ___)
• An exposure of ___ WHOLE BODY can cause ___ changes
• ___ to the GONADS can cause temporary ___

Answer 8

Biological Damage

• cellular damage – changes to cell function can cause mutations, cataracts, leukemia
• Changes to organic damage – changes in the blood count (hematologic depression, or lymphocytes)
• An exposure of 0.25 SV WHOLE BODY can cause blood changes
• 2.5 Sv to the GONADS can cause temporary sterility

Question 9

Sources of Radiation

Natural Background:

• Radon ___ mSv - Responsible for 20,000 ___ deaths per year
• Cosmic terrestrial ___ mSv - ___ vs ___
• Internal deposited radionuclides ___ mSv - Ex. Potassium -40, Carbon -14

Answer 9

Sources of Radiation

Natural Background:

• Radon 2.0 mSv - Responsible for 20,000 cancer deaths per year
• Cosmic terrestrial 0.3 mSv - High altitudes vs sea level
• Internal deposited radionuclides 0.7 mSv - Ex. Potassium -40, Carbon -14

Question 10

Manmade (artificial) radiation

• Consumer products containing ___ material
• ___ travel
• ___ for generation of power
• Atmospheric fallout from ___
• ___ accidents (TMI-2 and ___)
• Nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of ___ (Fukushima Daiichi)

Answer 10

Manmade (artificial) radiation

• Consumer products containing radioactive material
• Air travel
• Nuclear fuel for generation of power
• Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing
• Nuclear power plant accidents (TMI-2 and Chernobyl)
• Nuclear power plant accidents as a consequence of natural disasters (Fukushima Daiichi)

Question 11

Manmade (medical):

• CT scanning ___ mSv
• Radiography ___ mSv
• Nuclear Medicine ___ mSv

Answer 11

Manmade (medical):

• CT scanning 1.5 mSv
• Radiography 0.6 mSv
• Nuclear Medicine 0.7 mSv

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

National Council on Radiation Protection

• Federal Council by the FDA – reports for ___ in the USA.
• NCPR Report No. 160 – reports on the number of medical procedures in the USA
• Number of CT exams has increased (___ procedures) which has lead to an ___ in the radiation exposure for ___.

.

Answer 13

National Council on Radiation Protection

• Federal Council by the FDA – reports for radiation safety in the USA.
• NCPR Report No. 160 – reports on the number of medical procedures in the USA
• Number of CT exams has increased (67 million procedures) which has lead to an increase in the radiation exposure for medical manmade.