Radiation Monitoring Flashcards
1
Q
RADIATION MONITORING
- Radiographer subjected to chronic ___ doses of radiation
- Protection measures important to ___ effects
- Methods of ___ patient dose also useful in ___ technologist ___
- Risks of damage to our ___ and our ___
- Purpose of personnel protection is to reduce the ___ of these effects
A
RADIATION MONITORING
- Radiographer subjected to chronic low doses of radiation
- Protection measures important to minimize effects
- Methods of reducing patient dose also useful in reducing technologist exposure
- Risks of damage to our cells and our offspring
- Purpose of personnel protection is to reduce the possibility of these effects
2
Q
REVIEW OF EARLY AND LATE EFFECTS
- EARLY EFFECTS–those effects that appear within ___, ___ to ___ post exposure especially to ___ doses
- Includes:
- ___ cell ___
- Skin ___
- ___ or alopecia
- ___ damage
- Impaired ___ function
- ___
- Doses in diagnostic range not ___ enough to cause these effects
- LATE EFFECTS–occur ___ to ___ post exposure
- Include ___ and ___ effects
- Exposure to intermittent ___ doses over ___ period of time occurs in radiology
- Dose ___ are followed to ___ possibility of early and late effects
A
REVIEW OF EARLY AND LATE EFFECTS
- EARLY EFFECTS–those effects that appear within minutes, days to weeks post exposure especially to high doses
- Includes:
- Blood cell depression
- Skin Erythema
- Epilation or alopecia
- Chromosome damage
- Impaired gonadal function
- Death
- Doses in diagnostic range not high enough to cause these effects
- LATE EFFECTS–occur months to years post exposure
- Include cancer and genetic effects
- Exposure to intermittent low doses over long period of time occurs in radiology
- Dose limits are followed to reduce possibility of early and late effects
3
Q
PERSONNEL MONITORING
- Used to ensure exposure levels kept ___ ___ exposure limits
- ___ when personnel are likely to receive ___% (__/__) of annual effective dose equivalent limit
- Dosimetry is ___ of ___ radiation doses to personnel
A
PERSONNEL MONITORING
- Used to ensure exposure levels kept below annual exposure limits
- MANDATORY when personnel are likely to receive 10% (1/10) of annual effective dose equivalent limit
- Dosimetry is measurement of ionizing radiation doses to personnel
4
Q
PERSONNEL DOSIMETERS
- Measure ___ radiation doses
4 main types of dosimeters
- 4.
A
PERSONNEL DOSIMETERS
- Measure external radiation doses
4 main types of dosimeters
- Film badges
- Thermonluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)
- Pocket ionization chamber (pocket dosimeter)
- Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter (OSLD)
5
Q
FILM BADGES
- Consists of ___ piece of ___ in light ___ packet
- Packet is placed ___ ___ holder and clipped to clothing of wearer
- Changed every ___
- Plastic holder houses filters made of ___ or ___ or ___
- Allow measurement of ___ and ___ of radiation reaching the film
- Cast ___ on film
- Can determine if exposure was from ___ ___ or if it was ___ ___ to badge
- Can also determine the ___ radiation reached film (___ to ___ or ___ to ___)
- ___ radiation produces ___ image of ___ on film- radiation is received from many ___
- ___ exposure from ___ beam produces more ___ if ___ on film
A
FILM BADGES
- Consists of small piece of film in light tight packet
- Packet is placed inside plastic holder and clipped to clothing of wearer
- Changed every month
- Plastic holder houses filters made of copper or aluminum or both
- Allow measurement of dosage and energy of radiation reaching the film
- Cast shadows on film
- Can determine if exposure was from scattered radiation or if it was direct exposure to badge
- Can also determine the direction radiation reached film (front to back or back to front)
- Scattered radiation produces fuzzy image of filters on film- radiation is received from many angles
- Single exposure from primary beam produces more sharper if filter on film
6
Q
FILM BADGES
- ___ badge is sent with each batch of film badges and must be kept in a ___ free environment
- Processed and read
- If any reading occurs on ___ badge, this reading is ___ from each badge in batch
- Any exposure on control badge denotes that badges were ___ during shiping
- If badge exposed to radiation, film responds by ___ upon ___
- Films read with a ___–device used to measure ___ on film
- Exposure values determined by using a ___ ___ (used to determine ___ and ___ of film)
- Badge should be worn on ___ or at ___ level
- If performing fluoroscopy, procedures badge should be worn at ___ level ___ lead apron
- Should NOT be worn if having a ___ ___ done
- Store away from radiation sources and ___ ___ and ___
A
FILM BADGES
- Control badge is sent with each batch of film badges and must be kept in a radiation free environment
- Processed and read
- If any reading occurs on control badge, this reading is subtracted from each badge in batch
- Any exposure on control badge denotes that badges were exposed during shiping
- If badge exposed to radiation, film responds by darkening upon development
- Films read with a densitometer–device used to measure density on film
- Exposure values determined by using a characteristic curve (used to determine speed and contrast of film)
- Badge should be worn on trunk or at collar level
- If performing fluoroscopy, procedures badge should be worn at collar level outside lead apron
- Should NOT be worn if having a medical procedure done
- Store away from radiation sources and high heat and humidity
7
Q
PROS AND CONS OF FILM BADGES
PROS
- Measures ___, ___ and ___ radiations
- Most ___
- Permanent ___ ___
- Can detect ___ or ___ exposure
- ___
CONS
- Susceptible to ___ caused by ___, ___ ___ and ___
- ___ decreases with age
- ___ record less than ___ mrem
A
PROS AND CONS OF FILM BADGES
PROS
- Measures x-ray, beta and gamma radiations
- Most economical
- Permanent legal record
- Can detect scatter or direct exposure
- Durable
CONS
- Susceptible to fog caused by temperature, light leaks and humidity
- Accuracy decreases with age
- Can’t record less than 10 mrem
8
Q
OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENT DOSIMETER (OSLD)
- Landauer holds patent on LUXEL dosimeter
- ___ ___ (Al2O3) plate inside ___ packet
- Packet includes ___
- After use the ___ ___ plate is stimulated with a ___ light, causing the plate to ___ light in ___ to the amount of exposure received
- OSLD is able to detect exposures to ___, ___ and ___ radiations
- Also able to detect ___ verses ___ exposure to badge
- More ___ than film badge
- Can detect exposure as ___ a __ mrem up to ___ mrem
A
OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENT DOSIMETER (OSLD)
- Landauer holds patent on LUXEL dosimeter
- Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) plate inside waterproof packet
- Packet includes filters
- After use the aluminum oxide plate is stimulated with a laser light, causing the plate to emit light in proportion to the amount of exposure received
- OSLD is able to detect exposures to x-ray, beta and gamma radiations
- Also able to detect scatter verses direct exposure to badge
- More accurate than film badge
- Can detect exposure as low a 1 mrem up to 1000 mrem
9
Q
ADVANTAGES OF OSLD
- Badge can be ___ to confirm accuracy
- ___ shows any exposure from ___
- Can detect exposure as ___ as __ mrem (__.__ mSv)
- Can withstand ___, ___ and ___
- Can be worn up to ___ ___
A
ADVANTAGES OF OSLD
- Badge can be re-stimulated to confirm accuracy
- Filter shows any exposure from scatter
- Can detect exposure as low as 1 mrem (0.01 mSv)
- Can withstand heat, moisture and pressure
- Can be worn up to three months
10
Q
THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS (TLD)
- MOST ___ dosimeter
- Contains ___ ___ (___) or ___ ___ (___) crystal as radiation ___ material
- When exposed to ionizing radiation, the ___ in crystal respond by ___ and becoming ___ at ___ levels
- Crystals are ___ and as they are ___ the ___ return to their ___ state
- As they do this, energy is given off in the form of ___
- The amount of ___ emitted is proportional to the amount of ___ ___ by the wearer
- TLD’s are found in ___ badges worn by ___ ___ technologists to measure exposure while handling ___
A
THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS (TLD)
- MOST ACCURATE dosimeter
- Contains lithium fluoride (LiF) or Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) crystal as radiation sensing material
- When exposed to ionizing radiation, the electrons in crystal respond by moving and becoming trapped at higher levels
- Crystals are heated and as they are heated the electrons return to their original state
- As they do this, energy is given off in the form of light
- The amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of radiation received by the wearer
- TLD’s are found in ring badges worn by nuclear medicine technologists to measure exposure while handling isotopes
11
Q
PROS AND CONS OF TLD’S
PROS
- Most ___
- Can be worn for ___ ___
- ___ can be ___
- Nearly ___ ___
- More ___ than ___ badges
CONS
- ___
- No ___ can be done once ___ is ___
A
PROS AND CONS OF TLD’S
PROS
- Most accurate
- Can be worn for 3 months
- Crystals can be reused
- Nearly tissue equivalent
- More sensitive than film badges
CONS
- Cost
- No re-reading can be done once crystal is reheated
12
Q
POCKET DOSIMETERS
- MOST ___ dosimeter type
- Provide ___ reading–but must be ___ daily
- Resembles a ___
- Contains a ___ and___ ___
- When dosimeter is exposed to radiation, a ___ is given off in dosimeter. Amount of ___ proportional to radiation ___
- Amount of radiation received can be seen through ___ of dosimeter
A
POCKET DOSIMETERS
- MOST SENSITIVE dosimeter type
- Provide instant reading–but must be calibrated daily
- Resembles a pen
- Contains a positive and negative electrode
- When dosimeter is exposed to radiation, a charge is given off in dosimeter. Amount of charge proportional to radiation received
- Amount of radiation received can be seen through eyepiece of dosimeter
13
Q
PROS AND CONS OF POCKET DOSIMETER
PROS
- Provides ___ reading of radiation exposure
- ___ and easy to ___
CONS
- ___
- Easily ___ which provides ___ reading
- No ___ ___ record
A
PROS AND CONS OF POCKET DOSIMETER
PROS
- Provides immediate reading of radiation exposure
- Lightweight and easy to wear
CONS
- Expensive
- Easily discharged which provides false reading
- No permanent legal record
14
Q
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Two types:
- ___ ___ ___ will detect ___ and ___ radiation
- ___ ___ ___ ___ ___will detect ___, ___, ___ and ___ radiations.
A
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Two types:
- Geiger-Muller Detector will detect alpha and beta radiation
- Ionization Chamber-Type Survey Meter will detect X-ray, gamma, alpha and beta radiations.
15
Q
DOSIMETRY REPORTS
- Dosimeters collected on ___ basis
- Sent to supplier for ___ and exposure ___
- ___ sent out in approximately one month
- ___ reviewed and posted in area where personnel can review
Information on report includes:
- ___ number
- Type of ___ worn
- ___, ___, ___ and ___ of wearer
- Exposure ___
- ___ Exposure
- Cumulative ___ exposure
- Cumulative ___ exposure
- ___ part of ___ ___ dose
A
DOSIMETRY REPORTS
- Dosimeters collected on monthly basis
- Sent to supplier for processing and exposure calculations
- Report sent out in approximately one month
- Report reviewed and posted in area where personnel can review
Information on report includes:
- ID number
- Type of monitor worn
- Name, social, DOB and sex of wearer
- Exposure period
- Current Exposure
- Cumulative quarterly exposure
- Cumulative annual exposure
- Unused part of permissible accumulated dose
18
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