Cellular Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Biology

• A science that explores ___ ___ and ___ ___

Topic to study is the cells:

• Basic units of ___ ___ ___
• Essential for ___
• Fundamental components of ___, ___, ___, and ___ processes in the human body

Answer 1

Biology

• A science that explores living things and life processes

Topic to study is the cells:

• Basic units of all living matter
• Essential for life
• Fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body

Question 2

Cells in the Human Body

• Exist in a multitude of different forms
• Perform many diverse ___ for the body
• Some exist as ___ ___, ___ units, whereas others remain in ___ ___ as part of the ___ of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes
• If mature, are highly ___ and have predetermined ___ to perform in support of the body
• Can ___, ___, ___, ___ themselves and repair ___, regulate ___ processes, and ___

Answer 2

Cells in the Human Body

• Exist in a multitude of different forms
• Perform many diverse functions for the body
• Some exist as freely moving, independent units, whereas others remain in one position as part of the tissues of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes
• If mature, are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body
• Can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce

Question 3

Requirements of the Body to Ensure Efficient Cell Operation and Benefit of Proper Cell Function

Requirements of the body

• Provide ___ as a source of raw material for the release of ___
• Supply ___ to help break down the ___
• Have enough ___ to transport ___ substances ___ and ___ of the cell
• Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain ___ or ___

Answer 3

Requirements of the Body to Ensure Efficient Cell Operation and Benefit of Proper Cell Function

Requirements of the body

• Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
• Supply oxygen to help break down the food
• Have enough water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell
• Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium

Question 4

Effect of Radiation Exposure to Outside Influences On the Cell

Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis ___ ___

• Cells behave ___
• Cells ___

Answer 4

Effect of Radiation Exposure to Outside Influences On the Cell

Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair

• Cells behave abnormally
• Cells die

Question 5

• There are single cell living organisms but the humans contain between __ and __ trillion cells.
• These cells vary in ___, ___, and ___.
• Shape = ___, ___ or ___
• Function= ___ cells for a particular function. Ex. Bone, muscle, fat, blood, nerve cells.)

Various cell functions:

• Act as ___
• ____ life’s processes
• Maintain ___
• Provide ___

Answer 5

• There are single cell living organisms but the humans contain between 60 and 100 trillion cells.
• These cells vary in size, shape, and function.
• Shape = spherical, rectangular or irregular
• Function= Specialized cells for a particular function. Ex. Bone, muscle, fat, blood, nerve cells.)

Various cell functions:

• Act as transport
• Regulates life’s processes
• Maintain homeostasis
• Provide energy

Question 6

Cell Chemical Composition

• A. ___
• B. ___ compounds
• C. ___ compounds
• The cells are the basic unit of ___ and ___ of all living things.
• All cells are made up of ___ material called ___.

Answer 6

Cell Chemical Composition

• A. Protoplasm
• B. Organic compounds
• C. Inorganic compounds
• The cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
• All cells are made up of chemical material called protoplasm.

Question 7

Protoplasm

• ___ building material for all living things
• Carries on the complex process of ___, the reception and processing of ___ and ___, and the elimination of ___ products
• Consists of ___ compounds and ___ materials either ___ or ___ in ___
• Formed from __ elements, with the four primary elements involved being ___, ___,
• ___, and ___
• ___ and ___ ___ (electrolytes) are the most important ___ substances (@__-__% of the protoplasm is made from ___)

Answer 7

Protoplasm

• Chemical building material for all living things
• Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products
• Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
• Formed from 24 elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen,
• oxygen, and nitrogen
• Water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substances (@80-85% of the protoplasm is made from water)

Question 8

Organic Compounds: Proteins

• PROTEINS: Assist in ___, constructing new ___, and repairs ___ or worn-out ___.

FUNCTIONS: (___% of cell content)

• ___ proteins – are found in ___ and is a source of ___ and ___
• Enzymes (___) – one type is ___ enzymes. Mends ___ which helps cells recover from small amounts of ___ induced damage
• ___ and ___ – are produced by the ___ glands for ___, ___, and ___
• ___ blocks—for ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 8

Organic Compounds: Proteins

• PROTEINS: Assist in growth, constructing new tissue, and repairs injured or worn-out tissues.

FUNCTIONS: (15% of cell content)

• Structural proteins – are found in muscle and is a source of energy and heat
• Enzymes (catalysts) – one type is repair enzymes. Mends molecules which helps cells recover from small amounts of radiation induced damage
• Hormones and antibodies – are produced by the endocrine glands for growth, development, and protection
• Building blocks—for hair, nails, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscle

Question 9

Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates

• __% of cell content
• Composed of ___ and various ___
• Major source of ___. Primarily located in the ___ and ___. Examples: ___, ___ (sugars).
• ___ term ___ for body
• Provides ___ for the cells
• Structural part of cell ___ and ___ materials
• ___ = primary energy for cell

Answer 9

Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates

• 1% of cell content
• Composed of starches and various sugars
• Major source of energy. Primarily located in the liver and muscles. Examples: monosaccharide, polysaccharides (sugars).
• Short term energy for body
• Provides fuel for the cells
• Structural part of cell walls and intracellular materials
• Glucose = primary energy for cell

Question 10

Organic Compounds: Lipids

• LIPIDS: ___ or ___-like – __% of cell content
• Structural part of cell ___
• Reservoir for ___ of ___ term ___
• ___ and ___ body
• Assist in ___
• Necessary for ___ and ___
• ___ the joint
• Aids in ___ process

Answer 10

Organic Compounds: Lipids

• LIPIDS: Fat or fat-like – 2% of cell content
• Structural part of cell membrane
• Reservoir for storage of long term energy
• Insulates and protect body
• Assist in digestion
• Necessary for growth and development
• Lubricates the joint
• Aids in digestive process

Question 11

Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acid

• NUCLEIC ACIDS = __% of cell
• ___ and ___ molecules (Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid)
• DNA = master ___ of body
• Contain all ___ the cell needs to ___
• Carries ___ information for cellular ___ (basic unit of ___)
• DNA is found in the ___ of the cell
• Directs cell ___

Answer 11

Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acid

• NUCLEIC ACIDS = 1% of cell
• DNA and RNA molecules (Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid)
• DNA = master chemical of body
• Contain all information the cell needs to function
• Carries genetic information for cellular replication (basic unit of heredity)
• DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell
• Directs cell activity

Question 12

DNA: The master chemical substance!

• Regulates ___ synthesis – regulates sequence of ___ ___
• Determines ___ of a person
• Found in ___ – regulates ___ indirectly through ___
• Found within the ___
• Components of ___ (basic unit of ___)
• DNA is found in the ___ of the cell

Answer 12

DNA: The master chemical substance!

• Regulates protein synthesis – regulates sequence of amino acids
• Determines characteristics of a person
• Found in nucleus – regulates activity indirectly through mRNA
• Found within the chromosomes
• Components of genes (basic unit of heredity)
• DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell

Question 13

DNA molecule

• is a ___ ___ structure made up of ___ ___ rails and ___ bases for the rungs

Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:

• ___ and ___
• ___ and ___
• Improper pairing of bases result in ___ ___
• In the RNA molecule, the base ___ replaces ___

Answer 13

DNA molecule

• is a double helix structure made up of sugar phosphate rails and nitrogenous bases for the rungs

Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:

• Adenine and Thymine
• Cytosine and Guanine
• Improper pairing of bases result in improper function
• In the RNA molecule, the base Uracil replaces Thymine

Question 14

Human Genome

• The total amount of ___ ___ (___) contained within the ___ of the human being.
• The process of ___ and ___ the genes in the genome is called ___.

Answer 14

Human Genome

• The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of the human being.
• The process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called mapping.

Question 15

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Do not contain ___
• ___ – ___ (___) and ___ (___) – ___—maintain ___ balance
• ___ inside the cell keeps the cell from ___
• ___ outside of the cell prevents the cell from ___.

Answer 15

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Do not contain carbon
• Salts – Sodium (NA) and potassium (K) – electrolytes—maintain fluid balance
• Potassium inside the cell keeps the cell from collapsing
• Sodium outside of the cell prevents the cell from bursting.

Question 16

Water

• Water is most abundant ___ molecule in body
• Accounts for ___% of body’s weight

Functions:

• Serves as a medium for ___ reactions
• Acts as a ___
• ___ medium
• Helps to maintain constant ___ ___

Answer 16

Water

• Water is most abundant inorganic molecule in body
• Accounts for 80% of body’s weight

Functions:

• Serves as a medium for chemical reactions
• Acts as a solvent
• Transport medium
• Helps to maintain constant body temperature

Question 17

CELL STRUCTURE:

• Each cell is a highly ___ unit. Within each cells they contain specialized structures called ___:
• ____ or ___ ___ – ___ boundary of cells. Regulates the ___ of the substance in and out of the cell. Consists of ___ and ___ in ___ layers.
• ___ – half ___ and half ___. Inside the cell ___ but surrounds the ___. Actions to take place in the “___ substance”:
• ____ – process of converting a ___ substance into a ___ substance
• ___ – the building up of a ___ substance
• ___ is the combination of ___ and ___.

Answer 17

CELL STRUCTURE:

• Each cell is a highly organized unit. Within each cells they contain specialized structures called ORGANELLES:
• Cell or Plasma Membrane – outer boundary of cells. Regulates the movement of the substance in and out of the cell. Consists of lipids and proteins in double layers.
• Cytoplasm – half fluid and half organelles. Inside the cell membrane but surrounds the nucleus. Actions to take place in the “watery substance”:
• Catabolism – process of converting a complex substance into a simpler substance
• Anabolism – the building up of a body’s substance
• Metabolism is the combination of catabolism and anabolism.

Question 18

Organelles – located in the cytoplasm:

• ___ and ___ = a pair of ___ organelles located near the ___ and are ___ to each other. Function: to organize the ___ ___ during cell ____.
• ___ ___ (___) – a ___ network that extends from the ___ membrane to the ___ membrane.
• Assists in channeling ___ and ___ into and out of the ___. Two types of ER:
• ___ Endoplasmic Reticulum= ___ synthesis in the cells.
• ___ Endoplasmic Reticulum = has ___ attached to it so ___ synthesis takes place.
• ___ – produces the ___. Can flow free in the ___ or attached to an ___.

Answer 18

Organelles – located in the cytoplasm:

• Centrosome and Centrioles = a pair of cylinder organelles located near the nucleus and are perpendicular to each other. Function: to organize the spindle fibers during cell mitosis.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – a tubular network that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
• Assists in channeling proteins and lipids into and out of the nucleus. Two types of ER:
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum= lipid synthesis in the cells.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum = has ribosomes attached to it so protein synthesis takes place.
• Ribosomes – produces the proteins. Can flow free in the cytoplasm or attached to an ER

Question 19

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria – small ___-shaped or ___-shaped ___ with ___ and ___ membranes or ___ membranes.
• Assists in breaking down ___, ___ and ___ into ___ and is stored in cells as ___ ___ (___).
• ___ oxygen-requiring reactions of cell ___ takes place in the ___. This supplies the cell’s ___. “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL.” ___ cells required a lot of ___ so they contain ___ amounts of mitochondria.

Answer 19

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria – small bean-shaped or rod-shaped organelles with inner and outer membranes or double membranes.
• Assists in breaking down carbohydrates, fat and proteins into energy and is stored in cells as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
• Aerobic oxygen-requiring reactions of cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria. This supplies the cell’s energy. “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL.” Muscle cells required a lot of ATP so they contain large amounts of mitochondria.

Question 20

Organelles - Continued

• ___ ___ or ___ - A series of ___, ___ layers, looks like a stack of pancakes.
• ___ are combined with ___ as they pass through the ___ ___ and packaged for ___ from the cells.
• These organelles are highly abundant in the ___ glands, ___ glands and ___ glands.
• ___ – ___-membrane ___ or ___ bodies which contain ___ ___ that digest ___ molecules.
• Digests ___, worn-out cell parts, ___ cells, ___ and ___ materials. “___ bags because if they ___ they will digest the cell’s ___ and the cell will ___.

Answer 20

Organelles - Continued

• Golgi Apparatus or complex - A series of flat, membranous layers, looks like a stack of pancakes.
• Carbohydrates are combined with proteins as they pass through the Golgi apparatus and packaged for secretion from the cells.
• These organelles are highly abundant in the gastric glands, salivary glands and pancreatic glands.
• Lysosomes – single-membrane oval or spherical bodies which contain digestive enzymes that digest proteins molecules.
• Digests old, worn-out cell parts, dead cells, bacteria and foreign materials. “Suicide bags because if they burst they will digest the cell’s protein and the cell will die.

Question 21

Nucleus – MOST VITAL CELL ORGANELLE!

• ___ for the cell’s metabolic ___ and cell ___.
• Located in the ___ of the cell
• Contains the cell’s ___ material (___) and ___ that are arranged in long treads called ___.
• When the cell divides, the ___ contracts into ___, ___-like structures called ___.
• Human normally have ___ total ___ or ___ pairs.
• ___ contains the ___ blueprint or ___.
• Nucleus ___ – allows for substances to travel to and from the ___.
• ___ – Each nucleus contains at least one ___.
• Each ___ contains ___ composed of ___ and ___.

Answer 21

Nucleus – MOST VITAL CELL ORGANELLE!

• BRAIN for the cell’s metabolic activity and cell division.
• Located in the center of the cell
• Contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and proteins that are arranged in long treads called chromatin.
• When the cell divides, the chromatin contracts into short, rod-like structures called chromosomes.
• Human normally have 46 total chromosomes or 23 pairs.
• Chromosomes contains the hereditary blueprint or DNA.
• Nucleus membrane – allows for substances to travel to and from the cytoplasm.
• Nucleolus – Each nucleus contains at lest one nucleolus.
• Each nucleolus contains ribosomes composed of RNA and protein.

Question 22

DNA

• Components of ___ (basic unit of ___)
• Found on ___
• DNA is found in the ___ of the cell
• DNA molecule is a ___ ___ structure made up of ___ phosphate rails and ___ bases for the rungs.
• Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:
• ___ and ___
• ___ and ___
• Improper pairing of bases result in ___ function
• In the ___ molecule, the base ___ replaces ___

Answer 22

DNA

• Components of genes (basic unit of heredity)
• Found on chromosomes
• DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell
• DNA molecule is a double helix structure made up of sugar phosphate rails and nitrogenous bases for the rungs.
• Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:
• Adenine and Thymine
• Cytosine and Guanine
• Improper pairing of bases result in improper function
• In the RNA molecule, the base Uracil replaces Thymine

Question 23

Two types of human cells:

• ___ CELLS CONTAINS ___ CHROMOSOMES
• ___ CELLS CONTAINS ___ CHROMOSOMES

Two types of cell divisions:

• ___ cells undergo ___
• ___ cells undergo ___

Answer 23

Two types of human cells:

• SOMATIC CELLS CONTAINS 46 CHROMOSOMES
• GERM CELLS CONTAINS 23 CHROMOSOMES

Two types of cell divisions:

• Somatic cells undergo MITOSIS
• Germ cells undergo MEIOSIS

Question 24

MITOSIS (Somatic cells)

• ___ CELL DIVIDES TO FORM __ ____ CELLS
• Each identical to ___ cell
• Cells are most ___ during mitosis!

Answer 24

MITOSIS (Somatic cells)

• PARENT CELL DIVIDES TO FORM 2 DAUGHTER CELLS
• Each identical to parent cell
• Cells are most RADIOSENSITIVE during mitosis!

Question 25

Cell cycle broken down into M, G1, S, G2

• When the cell needs to divide=
• ___ (Mitosis consists of 4 subphases:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 25

Cell cycle broken down into M, G1, S, G2

• When the cell needs to divide=
• M (Mitosis consists of 4 subphases:

1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

Question 26

Interphase = non-dividing

• consist of ___, ___, ___
• ___ (gap) phase – ___ stage
• ___ synthesis of ___ – DNA ___ and then ___ (replicates ____ reproduce (___ becomes ___)
• MOST ____ PHASE IS ___ ___ PHASE
• ___ – certain ___ are manufactured

Answer 26

Interphase = non-dividing

• consist of G1, S, G2
• G1 (gap) phase – resting stage
• S synthesis of DNA – DNA duplicated and then divides (replicates chromosomes reproduce (46 becomes 92)
• MOST RADIORESISTANT PHASE IS LATE S- PHASE
• G2 – certain proteins are manufactured

Question 27

Prophase

• ___ enlarge
• ___ ___ disappears
• ___ migrate to ___ side
• formation of ___ ___

Answer 27

Prophase

• chromosomes enlarge
• nuclear membrane disappears
• centrioles migrate to opposite side
• formation of mitotic spindle

Question 28

Metaphase

• ___ line up on ___ attaching with ___ (line up on the equator of the cell) ___ begin to repel and migrate to ___ side of the cell
• damage by radiation can be seen under a ___ during this phase

Answer 28

Metaphase

• chromosomes line up on spindle attaching with centromere (line up on the equator of the cell) chromatids begin to repel and migrate to opposite side of the cell
• damage by radiation can be seen under a microscope during this phase

Question 29

Anaphase

• ___ move to ___ sides of the cell

Answer 29

Anaphase

• ​chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell

Question 30

Telophase

• reverse of ___
• cell ___ in middle
• End of Mitosis = ___ ___ cells each with ___ ___.

Answer 30

Telophase

• reverse of prophase
• cell pinches in middle
• End of Mitosis = two daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes.

Question 31

Cell Growth and Division

Meiosis I
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

Meiosis II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

Answer 31

Cell Growth and Division

Meiosis I
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

Meiosis II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II