Cellular Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Biology
- A science that explores ___ ___ and ___ ___
Topic to study is the cells:
- Basic units of ___ ___ ___
- Essential for ___
- Fundamental components of ___, ___, ___, and ___ processes in the human body
A
Biology
- A science that explores living things and life processes
Topic to study is the cells:
- Basic units of all living matter
- Essential for life
- Fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body
2
Q
Cells in the Human Body
- Exist in a multitude of different forms
- Perform many diverse ___ for the body
- Some exist as ___ ___, ___ units, whereas others remain in ___ ___ as part of the ___ of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes
- If mature, are highly ___ and have predetermined ___ to perform in support of the body
- Can ___, ___, ___, ___ themselves and repair ___, regulate ___ processes, and ___
A
Cells in the Human Body
- Exist in a multitude of different forms
- Perform many diverse functions for the body
- Some exist as freely moving, independent units, whereas others remain in one position as part of the tissues of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes
- If mature, are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body
- Can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce
3
Q
Requirements of the Body to Ensure Efficient Cell Operation and Benefit of Proper Cell Function
Requirements of the body
- Provide ___ as a source of raw material for the release of ___
- Supply ___ to help break down the ___
- Have enough ___ to transport ___ substances ___ and ___ of the cell
- Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain ___ or ___
A
Requirements of the Body to Ensure Efficient Cell Operation and Benefit of Proper Cell Function
Requirements of the body
- Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
- Supply oxygen to help break down the food
- Have enough water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell
- Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium
4
Q
Effect of Radiation Exposure to Outside Influences On the Cell
Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis ___ ___
- Cells behave ___
- Cells ___
A
Effect of Radiation Exposure to Outside Influences On the Cell
Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair
- Cells behave abnormally
- Cells die
5
Q
- There are single cell living organisms but the humans contain between __ and __ trillion cells.
- These cells vary in ___, ___, and ___.
- Shape = ___, ___ or ___
- Function= ___ cells for a particular function. Ex. Bone, muscle, fat, blood, nerve cells.)
Various cell functions:
- Act as ___
- ____ life’s processes
- Maintain ___
- Provide ___
A
- There are single cell living organisms but the humans contain between 60 and 100 trillion cells.
- These cells vary in size, shape, and function.
- Shape = spherical, rectangular or irregular
- Function= Specialized cells for a particular function. Ex. Bone, muscle, fat, blood, nerve cells.)
Various cell functions:
- Act as transport
- Regulates life’s processes
- Maintain homeostasis
- Provide energy
6
Q
Cell Chemical Composition
- A. ___
- B. ___ compounds
- C. ___ compounds
- The cells are the basic unit of ___ and ___ of all living things.
- All cells are made up of ___ material called ___.
A
Cell Chemical Composition
- A. Protoplasm
- B. Organic compounds
- C. Inorganic compounds
- The cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
- All cells are made up of chemical material called protoplasm.
7
Q
Protoplasm
- ___ building material for all living things
- Carries on the complex process of ___, the reception and processing of ___ and ___, and the elimination of ___ products
- Consists of ___ compounds and ___ materials either ___ or ___ in ___
- Formed from __ elements, with the four primary elements involved being ___, ___,
- ___, and ___
- ___ and ___ ___ (electrolytes) are the most important ___ substances (@__-__% of the protoplasm is made from ___)
A
Protoplasm
- Chemical building material for all living things
- Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products
- Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
- Formed from 24 elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen,
- oxygen, and nitrogen
- Water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substances (@80-85% of the protoplasm is made from water)
8
Q
Organic Compounds: Proteins
- PROTEINS: Assist in ___, constructing new ___, and repairs ___ or worn-out ___.
FUNCTIONS: (___% of cell content)
- ___ proteins – are found in ___ and is a source of ___ and ___
- Enzymes (___) – one type is ___ enzymes. Mends ___ which helps cells recover from small amounts of ___ induced damage
- ___ and ___ – are produced by the ___ glands for ___, ___, and ___
- ___ blocks—for ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___
A
Organic Compounds: Proteins
- PROTEINS: Assist in growth, constructing new tissue, and repairs injured or worn-out tissues.
FUNCTIONS: (15% of cell content)
- Structural proteins – are found in muscle and is a source of energy and heat
- Enzymes (catalysts) – one type is repair enzymes. Mends molecules which helps cells recover from small amounts of radiation induced damage
- Hormones and antibodies – are produced by the endocrine glands for growth, development, and protection
- Building blocks—for hair, nails, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscle
9
Q
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates
- __% of cell content
- Composed of ___ and various ___
- Major source of ___. Primarily located in the ___ and ___. Examples: ___, ___ (sugars).
- ___ term ___ for body
- Provides ___ for the cells
- Structural part of cell ___ and ___ materials
- ___ = primary energy for cell
A
Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates
- 1% of cell content
- Composed of starches and various sugars
- Major source of energy. Primarily located in the liver and muscles. Examples: monosaccharide, polysaccharides (sugars).
- Short term energy for body
- Provides fuel for the cells
- Structural part of cell walls and intracellular materials
- Glucose = primary energy for cell
10
Q
Organic Compounds: Lipids
- LIPIDS: ___ or ___-like – __% of cell content
- Structural part of cell ___
- Reservoir for ___ of ___ term ___
- ___ and ___ body
- Assist in ___
- Necessary for ___ and ___
- ___ the joint
- Aids in ___ process
A
Organic Compounds: Lipids
- LIPIDS: Fat or fat-like – 2% of cell content
- Structural part of cell membrane
- Reservoir for storage of long term energy
- Insulates and protect body
- Assist in digestion
- Necessary for growth and development
- Lubricates the joint
- Aids in digestive process
11
Q
Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acid
- NUCLEIC ACIDS = __% of cell
- ___ and ___ molecules (Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid)
- DNA = master ___ of body
- Contain all ___ the cell needs to ___
- Carries ___ information for cellular ___ (basic unit of ___)
- DNA is found in the ___ of the cell
- Directs cell ___
A
Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acid
- NUCLEIC ACIDS = 1% of cell
- DNA and RNA molecules (Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid)
- DNA = master chemical of body
- Contain all information the cell needs to function
- Carries genetic information for cellular replication (basic unit of heredity)
- DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell
- Directs cell activity
12
Q
DNA: The master chemical substance!
- Regulates ___ synthesis – regulates sequence of ___ ___
- Determines ___ of a person
- Found in ___ – regulates ___ indirectly through ___
- Found within the ___
- Components of ___ (basic unit of ___)
- DNA is found in the ___ of the cell
A
DNA: The master chemical substance!
- Regulates protein synthesis – regulates sequence of amino acids
- Determines characteristics of a person
- Found in nucleus – regulates activity indirectly through mRNA
- Found within the chromosomes
- Components of genes (basic unit of heredity)
- DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell
13
Q
DNA molecule
- is a ___ ___ structure made up of ___ ___ rails and ___ bases for the rungs
Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:
- ___ and ___
- ___ and ___
- Improper pairing of bases result in ___ ___
- In the RNA molecule, the base ___ replaces ___
A
DNA molecule
- is a double helix structure made up of sugar phosphate rails and nitrogenous bases for the rungs
Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:
- Adenine and Thymine
- Cytosine and Guanine
- Improper pairing of bases result in improper function
- In the RNA molecule, the base Uracil replaces Thymine
14
Q
Human Genome
- The total amount of ___ ___ (___) contained within the ___ of the human being.
- The process of ___ and ___ the genes in the genome is called ___.
A
Human Genome
- The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of the human being.
- The process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called mapping.
15
Q
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Do not contain ___
- ___ – ___ (___) and ___ (___) – ___—maintain ___ balance
- ___ inside the cell keeps the cell from ___
- ___ outside of the cell prevents the cell from ___.
A
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- Do not contain carbon
- Salts – Sodium (NA) and potassium (K) – electrolytes—maintain fluid balance
- Potassium inside the cell keeps the cell from collapsing
- Sodium outside of the cell prevents the cell from bursting.
17
Q
CELL STRUCTURE:
- Each cell is a highly ___ unit. Within each cells they contain specialized structures called ___:
- ____ or ___ ___ – ___ boundary of cells. Regulates the ___ of the substance in and out of the cell. Consists of ___ and ___ in ___ layers.
- ___ – half ___ and half ___. Inside the cell ___ but surrounds the ___. Actions to take place in the “___ substance”:
- ____ – process of converting a ___ substance into a ___ substance
- ___ – the building up of a ___ substance
- ___ is the combination of ___ and ___.
A
CELL STRUCTURE:
- Each cell is a highly organized unit. Within each cells they contain specialized structures called ORGANELLES:
- Cell or Plasma Membrane – outer boundary of cells. Regulates the movement of the substance in and out of the cell. Consists of lipids and proteins in double layers.
- Cytoplasm – half fluid and half organelles. Inside the cell membrane but surrounds the nucleus. Actions to take place in the “watery substance”:
- Catabolism – process of converting a complex substance into a simpler substance
- Anabolism – the building up of a body’s substance
- Metabolism is the combination of catabolism and anabolism.
18
Q
Organelles – located in the cytoplasm:
- ___ and ___ = a pair of ___ organelles located near the ___ and are ___ to each other. Function: to organize the ___ ___ during cell ____.
- ___ ___ (___) – a ___ network that extends from the ___ membrane to the ___ membrane.
- Assists in channeling ___ and ___ into and out of the ___. Two types of ER:
- ___ Endoplasmic Reticulum= ___ synthesis in the cells.
- ___ Endoplasmic Reticulum = has ___ attached to it so ___ synthesis takes place.
- ___ – produces the ___. Can flow free in the ___ or attached to an ___.
A
Organelles – located in the cytoplasm:
- Centrosome and Centrioles = a pair of cylinder organelles located near the nucleus and are perpendicular to each other. Function: to organize the spindle fibers during cell mitosis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – a tubular network that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
- Assists in channeling proteins and lipids into and out of the nucleus. Two types of ER:
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum= lipid synthesis in the cells.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum = has ribosomes attached to it so protein synthesis takes place.
- Ribosomes – produces the proteins. Can flow free in the cytoplasm or attached to an ER
19
Q
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria – small ___-shaped or ___-shaped ___ with ___ and ___ membranes or ___ membranes.
- Assists in breaking down ___, ___ and ___ into ___ and is stored in cells as ___ ___ (___).
- ___ oxygen-requiring reactions of cell ___ takes place in the ___. This supplies the cell’s ___. “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL.” ___ cells required a lot of ___ so they contain ___ amounts of mitochondria.
A
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria – small bean-shaped or rod-shaped organelles with inner and outer membranes or double membranes.
- Assists in breaking down carbohydrates, fat and proteins into energy and is stored in cells as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- Aerobic oxygen-requiring reactions of cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria. This supplies the cell’s energy. “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL.” Muscle cells required a lot of ATP so they contain large amounts of mitochondria.
20
Q
Organelles - Continued
- ___ ___ or ___ - A series of ___, ___ layers, looks like a stack of pancakes.
- ___ are combined with ___ as they pass through the ___ ___ and packaged for ___ from the cells.
- These organelles are highly abundant in the ___ glands, ___ glands and ___ glands.
- ___ – ___-membrane ___ or ___ bodies which contain ___ ___ that digest ___ molecules.
- Digests ___, worn-out cell parts, ___ cells, ___ and ___ materials. “___ bags because if they ___ they will digest the cell’s ___ and the cell will ___.
A
Organelles - Continued
- Golgi Apparatus or complex - A series of flat, membranous layers, looks like a stack of pancakes.
- Carbohydrates are combined with proteins as they pass through the Golgi apparatus and packaged for secretion from the cells.
- These organelles are highly abundant in the gastric glands, salivary glands and pancreatic glands.
- Lysosomes – single-membrane oval or spherical bodies which contain digestive enzymes that digest proteins molecules.
- Digests old, worn-out cell parts, dead cells, bacteria and foreign materials. “Suicide bags because if they burst they will digest the cell’s protein and the cell will die.
21
Q
Nucleus – MOST VITAL CELL ORGANELLE!
- ___ for the cell’s metabolic ___ and cell ___.
- Located in the ___ of the cell
- Contains the cell’s ___ material (___) and ___ that are arranged in long treads called ___.
- When the cell divides, the ___ contracts into ___, ___-like structures called ___.
- Human normally have ___ total ___ or ___ pairs.
- ___ contains the ___ blueprint or ___.
- Nucleus ___ – allows for substances to travel to and from the ___.
- ___ – Each nucleus contains at least one ___.
- Each ___ contains ___ composed of ___ and ___.
A
Nucleus – MOST VITAL CELL ORGANELLE!
- BRAIN for the cell’s metabolic activity and cell division.
- Located in the center of the cell
- Contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and proteins that are arranged in long treads called chromatin.
- When the cell divides, the chromatin contracts into short, rod-like structures called chromosomes.
- Human normally have 46 total chromosomes or 23 pairs.
- Chromosomes contains the hereditary blueprint or DNA.
- Nucleus membrane – allows for substances to travel to and from the cytoplasm.
- Nucleolus – Each nucleus contains at lest one nucleolus.
- Each nucleolus contains ribosomes composed of RNA and protein.
22
Q
DNA
- Components of ___ (basic unit of ___)
- Found on ___
- DNA is found in the ___ of the cell
- DNA molecule is a ___ ___ structure made up of ___ phosphate rails and ___ bases for the rungs.
- Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:
- ___ and ___
- ___ and ___
- Improper pairing of bases result in ___ function
- In the ___ molecule, the base ___ replaces ___
A
DNA
- Components of genes (basic unit of heredity)
- Found on chromosomes
- DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell
- DNA molecule is a double helix structure made up of sugar phosphate rails and nitrogenous bases for the rungs.
- Bases are paired as follows: “At The Grand Cannon”:
- Adenine and Thymine
- Cytosine and Guanine
- Improper pairing of bases result in improper function
- In the RNA molecule, the base Uracil replaces Thymine
25
Q
Cell cycle broken down into M, G1, S, G2
- When the cell needs to divide=
- ___ (Mitosis consists of 4 subphases:
- 4.
A
Cell cycle broken down into M, G1, S, G2
- When the cell needs to divide=
- M (Mitosis consists of 4 subphases:
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
26
Q
Interphase = non-dividing
- consist of ___, ___, ___
- ___ (gap) phase – ___ stage
- ___ synthesis of ___ – DNA ___ and then ___ (replicates ____ reproduce (___ becomes ___)
- MOST ____ PHASE IS ___ ___ PHASE
- ___ – certain ___ are manufactured
A
Interphase = non-dividing
- consist of G1, S, G2
- G1 (gap) phase – resting stage
- S synthesis of DNA – DNA duplicated and then divides (replicates chromosomes reproduce (46 becomes 92)
- MOST RADIORESISTANT PHASE IS LATE S- PHASE
- G2 – certain proteins are manufactured
