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Radiation Safety > Radiation Safety Regs > Flashcards

Radiation Safety Regs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main principles of radiation protection?

A
  1. Justifcation
  2. Optimisation
  3. Limitation
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2
Q

Describe justification

A

No practice involving exposures to radiation should be adopted unless it produces sufficient benefit to the exposed individuals…. to offset the detriment it causes.

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3
Q

Describe Optimisation

A

The magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed… should be kept as low as reasonably achievable, (ALARA principle) economic and social factors being taken into account.

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4
Q

Describe Limitation

A

The exposure of individuals should be subject to dose limits. These are aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to radiation risks that are judged to be unacceptable…in any normal circumstances

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5
Q

Where do UK legislation come from?

3 things, 2 tiers

A
  • ICRP 2008
    • IRR17
    • IMER2017
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6
Q

Who do the following apply to?

IRR2017

IRMER2017

A

IRR - staff and pubic (work activities)

IRMER - patient (medical exposures)

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7
Q

IRR17

Who enforces it?

A
  • Health and Safety Executive
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8
Q

IRR 17

14 general measures for radiation protection

A
  1. Responsibility lies with employer
  2. Employer needs writted RS policy
  3. RP committe
  4. Appointment of RPA
  5. Radiation risk assessment
  6. Critical exams
  7. Controlled areasu
  8. Local Rules
  9. RPS
  10. Classified persons
  11. Personal monitoring
  12. Dose Limits (annual for staff)
  13. Dose investigations
  14. Radiation Incidents
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9
Q

Dose Limits

Employees > 18

Trainees < 18

Other persons

A
  • Effective dose (mSv)
    • 20, 6, 1
  • Equivalent dose to lens of eye (mSv)
    • 20, 15, 15
  • Equivalent dose for skin (mSv)
    • 500, 150, 50
  • Equivalent dose1 for hands, forearms, feet and ankles (mSv)
    • 500, 150, 50

All doses per calendar year, Skin dose is averaged over 1cm^2.

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10
Q

What are requirements for pregnant staff?

& Breastfeeding?

A

Pregnant

  • Equivelent foetus dose should be ALARP and not exceed 1mSv
  • Equivelent to 2mSv to surface of women’s abdomen
  • Addition risk assessment

Breastfeeding:

  • Not to work where ther is risk of intaking radionucluides
  • Unsealed sources
  • Additional risk assessment
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Who should be classified according to IRR17?

Which types of DR work might someone need to be classified for?

What does classification involve? (x3)

A

Persons likely to recieve >

  • 6mSv / year (whole body), 15mSv/year (eye), 150 mSv/year (extremities)
  • effective dose > 20mSv or equivelent dose> dose lmit within several mins

Most commonly classified DR procedures

  • Interventional radiology, flouro

Classification involves

  • Regular medical survailence
  • Personal monitoring my ADS
  • Personal dose record kepy by CIDI
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13
Q

What are? & What are they used for?

IDR

TADR

TADR2000

A

The following are used to define controlled/supervised areas:

IDR - Instantaneous dose rate averaged over 1 min

TADR - Time averaged IDR (averaged over 8 hours, i.e. worst case scenario for a day, occupancy factor =1)

TADR2000 - TADR over 2000 hours, taking into account occupancy, use and workload.

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14
Q

TADR limits for controlled and supervised areas

A

Controlled - > 3 uSv/hour = 6mSv/year

Supervised - >0.5uSv/hour = 1mSv/year

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15
Q

What should an entrance to a controlled area be marked with?

A
  1. Warning notice (contolled area, x-rays, risk from radiation)
  2. Radiation trefoil
  3. illuminated warning light
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16
Q

Requirements of local rules (x7)

Optional content of local rules (x10)

A

Required

  1. Description of area, contolled or supervised
  2. Name of RPS
  3. Arrangements for restricting access (e.g. warning signs)
  4. Conditions for non-classified persons to entry, (personal dosimetry)
  5. Instructions for safe working to restrict exposure
  6. Dose investigation levels
  7. Contingency plans

Optional

  1. Managment info
  2. pregnant employees
  3. risk assessments
  4. contacting RPA
  5. staff info and training
  6. investigation initiation
  7. personal dosimetry arrangements
  8. testing and maintenence of safety features
  9. radiation and contamination monitoring
  10. reviewing if things are APARP and if LR are effective
17
Q

What does an RPA do?

Who are they appointed by?

What must they be consulted on?

A

RPA’s are appointed by employers, meeting competency ctriterions by HSE

They give advice on how to follow regulations:

  • Risk assess
  • designating controlled/supervised areas
  • investigations
  • contingency plans
  • dose assessment and recording

They must be consulted on:

  • Controlled/supervised areas
  • plans for installments
  • calibration for rad monitoring
  • testing of control safety features and systems of work
18
Q

What does an RPS do?

A
  • Ensure day-to-day compliance with local rules
  • e.g. senior radiographer
  • Liase with heads of department and RPA
  • Understand precautions to be taken and what to do in an eergency
19
Q

IRMER17

5 General principles of rad protection

A
  1. All diagnostic procedures havce risk
  2. only necessary exposures are done
  3. alternatives e.g. non-ionising should be sought
  4. all exposures are justified (risk vs benefit)
  5. exposures ALARP
20
Q

IRMER17

Name the 3 types of dutyholders

A
  • Referrer
  • Practitioner
  • Operator
21
Q

IRMER17

Refferer

Job description

Requirements

A

Job description

  • the person who reffers patients for c-rays
  • registered medical practioner, dental, or other who is entitled by employer’s procedures

Requirements

  • patient is uniquely identfied
  • clinical information provided to justify the exposure
  • information for preg
  • signature
22
Q

IRMER17

Practitioner

Job description

Requirements

A

Job description

  • justifying the eposure
  • medical practitioner, dental, or other entitled under emplyer procedures

Requirements

  • confirms justification of exposure
  • authorises request
  • Normally consultant radiologist, cardio, a&e consultant
  • can be delegated to an operator
  • for RN procedures, practioner must have licence under ARSAC
23
Q

IRMER17

Practitioner

Job description

Requirements

A

Job description

  • practical aspects of exposure e.g. handling use of radiological equipment, asessing dose, calibration and maintenence of equipment, prep and admin of rad products

Requirements

  • must be identified in procedures
  • can be same as practitioner (e.g. flouro)
  • One procedure can have more than 1 operator, e.g. radiologist
  • operators minimise exposure time for each patient
24
Q

IRMER17

MPE

Job description

Requirements

A

must be:

  • regonised by competent authority
  • closely involved in RT procedures
  • involved in NM procedures and high dose CT and interventional
  • available under contract
25
Q

Dignostic Reference Levels

How are they defined?

Who publishes them?

How are they presented?

Do they need to be reviewed?

How are they linked to investigations?

A
  • Established for each procedure for standard patient cohort
  • published by PHE
  • Local DRLs are got from dose audit
  • normally given in something that’s easy to measure e.g. DAP or ESD, NOT equivelent dose
  • Reviewed every 3 years or if change
  • investigation required if patient dose regularly exceeds DRL
26
Q

When do you report as Significant Unintended Exposure (SAUE)?

A

Accidental

  • Adult 3mSv effective dose
  • Child 1mSv effective dose

Unintended

  • Depends on what the intended dose was, see ppt. too many to remember
  • Either a number, or more than 10 times intended
27
Q

What 3 things do you need to do research?

A
  1. Local REC approval
  2. Established dose constraints
  3. Generic risk assessments
28
Q

IRMER

What needs to happen for comforters and carers?

A
  • Informed of risks
  • willingly accept dose and risk involved
  • ALARP
  • PPE to restict
  • no dose limits, but dose constraints
  • pregnant women excluded
29
Q

Protection example DR:

staff and public

A
  • Only essential people in room when x-ray is on
  • stand away from patient if poss
  • close doors
  • minimise beam size
  • PPE e.g. gloves, aprons
30
Q

Protection example DR:

staff and public

A

Technique

  • Only direct beam where it needs to be, avoid radiosensitive organs if poss, collimation, Phantoms and objects used for training

Tube & Filtration

  • leakage @1m from focal spot <1mGy in 1 hour over 100cm^2, filtration marked on housing, >2.5mm Al equiv with 1.5mm permenent. Mammo >0.5mm Al

Image receptors

  • Use of image intensifier, last image hold, image intensifier housing provides 2mm lead equiv shielding

Exposure factors & switches

  • Flouro and radiogtraphic equipment to have AEC, CT have range of mAs, exposure swithces need continous pressure to exposure

Beam size

  • Collimation, light beam diaphragm, confine beam within image receptor and area of interst

Protocols

  • Standardised kV/mAs settings, pedeatrics, pulsed flouro

Exposure measurement

  • AECs should display post-ecposure mAs, indication of patient dose e.g. DAP, something for skin dose in interventional radiology
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Radiation Safety (8 decks)

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