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Physics - GCSE > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atom, same atomic number (protons +electrons)but different mass number (neutrons)

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2
Q

What is deuterium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen that is heavier (has more neutrons) than hydrogen

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3
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1

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4
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

0

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5
Q

What is the charge of a electron?

A

-1

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6
Q

What is the charge of a nucleus?

A

+

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7
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A

1

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8
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1

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9
Q

What is the mass of a electron?

A

0

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10
Q

What is the location of a proton?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

What is the location of a neutron?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

What is the location of a electron?

A

Shell

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13
Q

What is the location of a nucleus?

A

Centre of the atom

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14
Q

What is a Nucleon?

A

A proton or neutron. It can be the same as the mass number.

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15
Q

35
Cl
17

What does the 35 mean?

A

Mass number,number of protons + neutrons ,nucleon number

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16
Q

35
Cl
17

What does the Cl mean?

A

Chlorine, symbol

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17
Q

35
Cl
17

What does the 17 mean?

A

Atomic number, proton number,

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18
Q

What is

37
X
17

A

An isotope of chlorine

The atomic number dictates the element

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19
Q

In atoms, what dictates the element?

A

Atomic number

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20
Q

If the mass number of something changes, what does it become?

A

An isotope

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21
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

A weighted mean mass

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22
Q

35.5
Cl
17

What does the 35.5 mean?

A

Relative atomic mass

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23
Q

What is the equation for working our relative atomic mass of two isotopes of:

75pervent 35
Cl
17

25percent 3537
Cl
17

A

100
=35.5
((25 = atoms and 37 = mass))

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24
Q

What happens to an isotope that’s very unstable?

A

It will emit radiation

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25
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

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26
Q

What happens to electrons when an atom becomes a positive ion by absorbing energy?

A

The electron moves all the way out and becomes free to move

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27
Q

What’s the symbol for alpha radiation?

A

a

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28
Q

What’s the symbol for beta minus radiation?

A

ß-

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29
Q

What’s the symbol for gamma radiation?

A

Curvy Y

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30
Q

What is nuclear radiation emitted from?

A

Emitted from the nucleus of the atom.

31
Q

Why is nuclear radiation dangerous?

A

Because it is ionising, and so can then normal atoms into ions

32
Q

What does neutron radiation emit?

A

Neutrons

33
Q

What does beta+ radiation emit?

A

Anti electrons / positrons

34
Q

What can a nucleus be?

A

Stable or unstable

35
Q

What happens if a nucleus is unstable?

A

It tried to become mor stables, by ejecting mass of energy

36
Q

What is the process of ejecting radiation called?

A

Decay

37
Q

How is a sample of a radioactive isotope measured?

A

How much radioactive decay happens over a period of time

38
Q

What is how much radioactive decay happens over a period of time measured in?

A

Bacquerels Bq

39
Q

What happens in neutron decay?

A

When a nucleus emirs a neutron the mass number will GET smaller

40
Q

What happens in alpha decay?

A

A large nucleus rejects a whole alpha particle

41
Q

What happens in beta minus decay?

A

Neutron inside nucleus changes into proton and electron, and kicks electron out. Atom changes from one element to another.

42
Q

What happens to the atomic and mass number in alpha decay?

A

atomic number will reduce by 2 and mass number by 4

Mass number nothing

43
Q

What happens or atomic and mass number In beta minus decay?

A

Atomic number increase by 1

Mass number nothing

44
Q

What happens in gamma decay?

A

Atoms decay and the protons and neutrons in nucleus rearrange themselves, releasing gamma energy

45
Q

What is it called when Atoms decay and the protons and neutrons in nucleus rearrange themselves?

A

Nuclear rearrangement

46
Q

What are the eight main ways to detect things we cannot see?

A 
Taste
Smell
Touch
Hearing
Infrared
Sensor
Geiger counter
Thermometer
47
Q

What is background radiation?

A

Naturally occurring radiation that is present at all times

48
Q

What can we use to measure radiation?

A

A Geiger counter

49
Q

How does a Geiger counter work?

A

It detects when the gas inside the chamber is ionised by radiation

50
Q

What was used before the Geiger counter to detect radiation? How did it work?

A

Photographic film - radiation turned it dark

51
Q

What is background count?

A

Average reading of background radiation in a particular area at a particular time

52
Q

What is activity? (In radiation

A

When a nucleus decays.

53
Q

How many items can a nucleus decay?

A

Once. Once it has emitted radiation, it’s finished

54
Q

Can or can’t we predict when decay is going to happen?

A

Can’t. It is entirely random.

55
Q

Can or can’t you speed up the decay process? (In radiation

A

There are ways, but as far as we are concerned we can’t.

56
Q

Can or can’t you predict when a radioactive sample is going to be safe? How?

A

Yes, using its half life

57
Q

If you loved 100 years what would your half life be?

A

50

58
Q

What is half life? (In radiation

A

Time taken for the activity of a substance to reduce by half

59
Q

What is activity? What do we measure it in? (In radiation

A

When a nuclei is decaying and as such is emitting radiation. In counts per second

60
Q

What does external alpha radiation do? How dangerous is it? How can we reduce risk?

A

It can only travel a few cm, so not very dangerous. We can move away.

61
Q

What does internal alpha radiation do? How dangerous is it? How can we reduce risk?

A

Will ionise body cells causing cancer/mutations, very dangerous, literally nothing

62
Q

What does external gamma radiation do? How dangerous is it? How can we reduce risk?

A

Travels onto your body, pretty dangerous, nothing as it travels so far

63
Q

What does internal alpha radiation do? How dangerous is it? How can we reduce risk?

A

Nothing much as will move out of body before ionising, not very dangerous, by doing nothing

64
Q

What is alpha radiation used to treat?

A

Surface skin cancer

65
Q

What is gamma radiation used to treat?

A

Tumours

66
Q

How does an atom become an ion?

A

When an electron in an atom is hit by X-ray/gamma ray, it escapes as radiation, allowing the atom to become the ion

67
Q

What can ionising in DNA do?

A

Cause mutations, leading to cell damage and death (radiation sickness, burns) and cancer

68
Q

How do alpha and beta ionise atoms?

A

Alpha attracts electrons, beta repels it

69
Q

What are the five ways to stay safe when handling radiation radioactive materials?

A 
Handle source with tongs
Keep source in lead lined containers
do not point sources at self or others
Always wear gloves
Always wear eye protection
70
Q

What is irradiation?

A

When someone is exposed to radiation from a nearby source

71
Q

What is contamination

A

When someone gets particles off a radioactive source on their person or inside their body

72
Q

How can irradiation be prevented?

A

By simply moving away

73
Q

How can contamination be prevented?

A

Stops when the source finishes decaying

Physics - GCSE (6 decks)

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