Radiation

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

The smallest part of the simplest substances

Question 2

Fill in the blank

Each element is made up of _ type of atom

Answer 2

1

Question 3

Nucleons

Answer 3

The particles in the nucleus

Question 4

The particles in the nucleus

Answer 4

Nucleons

Question 5

Protons

Answer 5

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

Question 6

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

Answer 6

Protons

Question 7

Neutrons

Answer 7

Particles with no charge found in the nucleus

Question 8

Particles with no charge found in the nucleus

Answer 8

Neutrons

Question 9

Electrons

Answer 9

Particles with negative charge that orbit the nucleus

Question 10

Particles with negative charge that orbit the nucleus

Answer 10

Electrons

Question 11

Ratio of protons and electrons in an uncharged atom

Answer 11

1:1

Question 12

How do unstable nuclei become stable?

Answer 12

Emitting some form of radiation

Question 12

Why do some atoms have unstable nuclei?

Answer 12

They have too much energy

Question 13

Three types of nuclear radiation

Answer 13

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 14

Alpha particles

Answer 14

Positively charged particles with 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Charge of 2+

A helium nucleus

Question 15

Positively charged particles with 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Answer 15

Alpha particles

Question 16

Beta particles

Answer 16

Fast moving electron released from the nucleus

Charge of 1-

Question 17

Fast moving electron released from the nucleus

Answer 17

Beta particles

Question 18

Gamma rays

Answer 18

EM waves caused by energy changes in the nucleus

Question 19

EM waves caused by energy changes in the nucleus

Answer 19

Gamma rays

Question 20

Ionisation

Answer 20

The addition or removal of an electron to/from an atom

Results in the atom becoming charged, an ion

Question 21

Order of radiation from most ionising to least

Answer 21

Alpha, beta, gamma

Question 22

How does alpha radiation ionise atoms?

Answer 22

The positively charged particles attract electrons from other atoms

Question 23

How does beta radiaion ionise atoms?

Answer 23

Knocks electrons out of orbit from an atom

Question 24

How does gamma radiation ionise atoms?

Answer 24

The wave knocks an electron out of orbit from an atom

Question 25

When does radiation stop penetrating material?

Answer 25

When all energy has been dissopated

Question 26

Order of pentration from most penetrating to least penetrating radiation

Answer 26

Gamma, beta, alpha

Question 27

What is alpha radiation absorbed by?

Answer 27

10cm of air, sheet of paper

Question 28

What is beta radiation absorbed by?

Answer 28

1m of air, 3mm aluminium sheet

Question 29

What is gamma radiation absorbed by?

Answer 29

99.9% is absorbed by 1km of air or 10cm of lead

Question 30

Radiation with the shortest range in air

Answer 30

Alpha radiation | Least penetrative, so is absorbed by the least amount of air

Question 31

Background radiation

Answer 31

Radiation made up of natural and artificial sources

Question 32

Sources of nuclear radiation

Answer 32

Cosmic rays, rocks, soil and plants

Question 33

Uses of nuclear radiation

Answer 33

Radiography, tracers, cancer treatment

Question 34

Activity

Answer 34

Number of decays from a source per second

Question 35

Activity is measured in __

Answer 35

Becquerels, Bq

Question 36

How do you detect activity?

Answer 36

A GM tube

Question 37

Why is activity unreliable?

Answer 37

Decays happen at random intervals, and adctivity decreases as there are less particles to decay overtime

Question 38

Half-life

Answer 38

Time for the activity of a source to fall to half of its original value

Question 39

What is half-life measured in/

Answer 39

Units of time

Question 40

Corrected count rate

Answer 40

Detected decay of a source, minus the background radiation

Question 41

Absorbed dose

Answer 41

Energy absorbed per unit of mass

Question 42

The greater the absorbed dose...

Answer 42

The greate the damage is likely to be

Question 43

Equivalent dose

Answer 43

Combines the absorbed dose with the effect of the type of radiation to give a more accurate picture of the harm done due to radiation

Question 44

Radiation weighing factor

Answer 44

A simple scale that compares the biological harm that different types of radiation can cause

Question 45

Nuclear fusion

Answer 45

The process where the nuclei of lighter elements fuse to give a heavier nucleus

Question 46

Why is nuclear fusion difficult to achieve?

Answer 46

Requires high temperatures to withstand the electrostatic repulsions from the positive charges

Question 47

Nuclear fission

Answer 47

Process where one nuclei splits into multiple nuclei and forms different elements

Question 48

What causes nuclear fission?

Answer 48

A neutron colliding with an unstable nucleus

Question 49

Products of nuclear fusion

Answer 49

A heavier nucleus, energy

Question 50

Products of nuclear fission

Answer 50

Lighter nuclei, energy, neutrons

Question 51

Nuclear fission chain reactions

Answer 51

The neutron product of a fission reaction colliding with other nuclei to cause further fission reactions, and this process continues

Question 52

Advantages of nuclear power

Answer 52

Little fuel needed, does not release large quantities of greenhouse gases

Question 53

Disadvantages of nuclear power

Answer 53

Can cause serious accidents, produce radioactive waste, lower lifespan

Question 54

Average radiation dose received by the UK population

Answer 54

2.2mSv

Question 55

Legal limit for additional radition dosage from artificial sources for public

Answer 55

1mSv

Question 56

Legal limit for addition radiation dosage from artificial sources for radiation workers

Answer 56

20mSv

Question 57

Absorbed dose unit

Answer 57

Grays, Gy

Question 58

Equivalent dose unit

Answer 58

Sieverts, Sv