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N5 Physics > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest part of the simplest substances

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2
Q

Fill in the blank

Each element is made up of _ type of atom

A

1

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3
Q

Nucleons

A

The particles in the nucleus

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4
Q

The particles in the nucleus

A

Nucleons

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5
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

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6
Q

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus

A

Protons

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7
Q

Neutrons

A

Particles with no charge found in the nucleus

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8
Q

Particles with no charge found in the nucleus

A

Neutrons

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9
Q

Electrons

A

Particles with negative charge that orbit the nucleus

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10
Q

Particles with negative charge that orbit the nucleus

A

Electrons

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11
Q

Ratio of protons and electrons in an uncharged atom

A

1:1

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12
Q

How do unstable nuclei become stable?

A

Emitting some form of radiation

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12
Q

Why do some atoms have unstable nuclei?

A

They have too much energy

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13
Q

Three types of nuclear radiation

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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14
Q

Alpha particles

A

Positively charged particles with 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Charge of 2+

A helium nucleus

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15
Q

Positively charged particles with 2 protons and 2 neutrons

A

Alpha particles

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16
Q

Beta particles

A

Fast moving electron released from the nucleus

Charge of 1-

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17
Q

Fast moving electron released from the nucleus

A

Beta particles

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18
Q

Gamma rays

A

EM waves caused by energy changes in the nucleus

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19
Q

EM waves caused by energy changes in the nucleus

A

Gamma rays

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20
Q

Ionisation

A

The addition or removal of an electron to/from an atom

Results in the atom becoming charged, an ion

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21
Q

Order of radiation from most ionising to least

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

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22
Q

How does alpha radiation ionise atoms?

A

The positively charged particles attract electrons from other atoms

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23
Q

How does beta radiaion ionise atoms?

A

Knocks electrons out of orbit from an atom

24
Q

How does gamma radiation ionise atoms?

A

The wave knocks an electron out of orbit from an atom

25
Q

When does radiation stop penetrating material?

A

When all energy has been dissopated

26
Q

Order of pentration from most penetrating to least penetrating radiation

A

Gamma, beta, alpha

27
Q

What is alpha radiation absorbed by?

A

10cm of air, sheet of paper

28
Q

What is beta radiation absorbed by?

A

1m of air, 3mm aluminium sheet

29
Q

What is gamma radiation absorbed by?

A

99.9% is absorbed by 1km of air or 10cm of lead

30
Q

Radiation with the shortest range in air

A

Alpha radiation

Least penetrative, so is absorbed by the least amount of air

31
Q

Background radiation

A

Radiation made up of natural and artificial sources

32
Q

Sources of nuclear radiation

A

Cosmic rays, rocks, soil and plants

33
Q

Uses of nuclear radiation

A

Radiography, tracers, cancer treatment

34
Q

Activity

A

Number of decays from a source per second

35
Q

Activity is measured in __

A

Becquerels, Bq

36
Q

How do you detect activity?

A

A GM tube

37
Q

Why is activity unreliable?

A

Decays happen at random intervals, and adctivity decreases as there are less particles to decay overtime

38
Q

Half-life

A

Time for the activity of a source to fall to half of its original value

39
Q

What is half-life measured in/

A

Units of time

40
Q

Corrected count rate

A

Detected decay of a source, minus the background radiation

41
Q

Absorbed dose

A

Energy absorbed per unit of mass

42
Q

The greater the absorbed dose…

A

The greate the damage is likely to be

43
Q

Equivalent dose

A

Combines the absorbed dose with the effect of the type of radiation to give a more accurate picture of the harm done due to radiation

44
Q

Radiation weighing factor

A

A simple scale that compares the biological harm that different types of radiation can cause

45
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

The process where the nuclei of lighter elements fuse to give a heavier nucleus

46
Q

Why is nuclear fusion difficult to achieve?

A

Requires high temperatures to withstand the electrostatic repulsions from the positive charges

47
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Process where one nuclei splits into multiple nuclei and forms different elements

48
Q

What causes nuclear fission?

A

A neutron colliding with an unstable nucleus

49
Q

Products of nuclear fusion

A

A heavier nucleus, energy

50
Q

Products of nuclear fission

A

Lighter nuclei, energy, neutrons

51
Q

Nuclear fission chain reactions

A

The neutron product of a fission reaction colliding with other nuclei to cause further fission reactions, and this process continues

52
Q

Advantages of nuclear power

A

Little fuel needed, does not release large quantities of greenhouse gases

53
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear power

A

Can cause serious accidents, produce radioactive waste, lower lifespan

54
Q

Average radiation dose received by the UK population

A

2.2mSv

55
Q

Legal limit for additional radition dosage from artificial sources for public

A

1mSv

56
Q

Legal limit for addition radiation dosage from artificial sources for radiation workers

A

20mSv

57
Q

Absorbed dose unit

A

Grays, Gy

58
Q

Equivalent dose unit

A

Sieverts, Sv

N5 Physics (6 decks)

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