Radiation Flashcards
List examples of non-ionizing radiation.
US, MR, laser, microwave
List examples of ionizing radiation.
xray, gamma rays
What is absorbed dose.
Amount of energy deposited in a medium by ionizing radiation per unit mass of matter
What is equivalent dose?
Measure of radiation dose to tissue and accounts the different degrees of damage by different types of radiation
What is effective dose?
Accounts for the body part by weighing the equivalent dose by a tissue factor
what are biological effects of radiation?
result in cell death
dermatitis, cataracts, infertility, organ atrophy or fibrosis
Radiation sickness.
What are stochastic effects of radiation?
cause damage to DNA
cancer
heritable genetic defects
How do you reduce radiation?
use higher tube voltage and less current
lower frame rate
pulsed fluoro
large image intensifier
limit use of magnification
collimation
minimize duration of fluoro
distance from tube, keep close to patient
barriers
How do you reduce radiation?
use higher tube voltage and less current
lower frame rate
pulsed fluoro
large image intensifier
limit use of magnification
collimation
minimize duration of fluoro
distance from tube, keep close to patient
barriers
What are different contrast agents?
ionic iodine
non-ionic iodine
CO2
gadolinium
How to maximize image during arteriography?
limit movement
breathing maneuvres
proper positioning
What views for
arch
carotids
right subclavian
30 LAO
AP, Lat, 45 ipsi AO
RAO
How does iodinated contrast cause renal failure?
filtered by glomerulus with no reabsorption
osmotic gradient creats intratubular pressure and vasoc and decreased GFR
this create regional tubular ischemia
What does gadolinium cause?
nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
fibrosis of skin joints eye internal organs
