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Physic notes > Radiation > Flashcards

Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

what symbol stands for atomic number

A

Z

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2
Q

Z is the number of what in a nucleus

A

protons

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3
Q

what is the symbol for atomic mass number

A

A

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4
Q

what does it mean by energy quantisation

A

total energy of an electron in bound state is quantised

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5
Q

what is energy level

A

electron bound to an atomic nucleus

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6
Q

what is ground state

A

energy with lowest energy (most tightly bound) - electrons will always be here

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7
Q

what is excited state

A

state with energy higher than the ground state

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8
Q

what two things doe photons have

A

energy and momentum

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9
Q

photons have 0 rest mass how can they have non-zero momentum/ KE

A
  • travel at speed of light
  • slightly different rules
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10
Q

electrons lose energy to jump to lower/higher energy level

A

lower

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11
Q

electrons gain energy to jump to lower/higher energy level

A

higher

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12
Q

electron cant make a transition to higher or lower energy state with out what

A

absorbing or emitting radiation

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13
Q

what is the equation for energy of the absorbed or emitted photons

A

E=hf

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14
Q

what is joule defined in terms of

A

Macroscopic masses

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15
Q

instead of gravity what do we use to define the electron volt unit

A

electrostatic potential energy

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16
Q

what is the equation for electrostatic potential energy in an electric field

A

U=qV

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17
Q

deBroglie’s insight indicated we should treat electrons as ____ rather than small “billiard balls” of matter

  • what does this break down
A

waves

breaks down the solar system model of the atom

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18
Q

quantised energy levels in atomic systems is when election wave-function does what after on circuit of the orbital

A

matched up perfectly

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19
Q

the number of an electrons and there arrangement into energy levels is called what

A

electron configuration

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20
Q

a nucelar consituent - either proton or neutron

A

nucleon

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21
Q

another name for a nucleus, or an atom with specific nuclear makeup

A

nuclide

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22
Q

atoms with same number of protons - but different neutrons

A

isotops

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23
Q

atoms with same number of neutrons but different number of protons

A

isotones

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24
Q

wha is the unit for atomic mass unit

A

kg

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25
Q

avogardo’s number is the number of atoms in excatly ____ of carbon 12

A

0.012kg

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26
Q

converting atomic mass unit into energy using what calculation

A

E=mc^2

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27
Q

strong nuclear force is what range, type of force, and acts like what

A

short range
residual force
acts like glue

28
Q

what does a residual force do

A

binds protons to protons
and protons to neutrons

29
Q

what is the drop of liquid analogy

A

nucleus is like a drop of charged liquid
- to turn liquid into gas need some energy
- then energy is latent heat of vaporisation

30
Q

if we wanted to break the atom into its constituent parts what energy do we need

A

binding energy

31
Q

the greater bindig energy , more energy have to break it apart means what to the atom

A

the more stabalised atom is

32
Q

the joining together of smaller nuclei to form larger more stable nuclei
- elements with mass number <56
- high temp

A

fussion

33
Q

breaking up of larger nuclei to form smaller nuclei
= mass number >56
= produce energy

A

fission

34
Q

radiation is the product of ______ _____

A

nuclear decay

35
Q

when nucleus decays what happens to the atomic number (Z)
- and what happens when this occurs

A

may change
- atom transforms from one element to another

36
Q

all elements z> ___ are radioactive

A

82

37
Q

what are the three types of radiation

A

alpha, beta, gamma

38
Q

alpha particles are helium nuclei what does this mean

A

two protons and two neutrons - because helium is number 2 on the periodic table

39
Q

what are beta particles made out of

A

electrons or positrons

40
Q

what charge is beta radiation

A
  • (electronic ) or + (positronic)
41
Q

what does beta ratiation lose during collisions

A

energy

42
Q

antineutrino is always produced in whattype of beta radiation decay

A

B-

43
Q

neutrino is always produces in what decay of beta radiation

A

B+

44
Q

what charge is gamma radiation

A

no charge

45
Q

when atom decays and emits gamma radiation what changes and what doesn’t change

A

structure of nucleus doesn’t change - state of excitation does

46
Q

larger decay constant the fast the ____ decrease

A

number of radioactive atoms

47
Q

explain the half life

A

time required for amount of radionuclide to decrease to half the starting value

48
Q

Break radiation is called what

A

Bremmstrahlung

49
Q

treating inner-shell electrons as hydrogen like energies is what form of x rays

A

characteristics xray s

50
Q

sealed tub containing gass at low pressure with anode and cathode is called what

A

generation of X-rays

51
Q

upper atmosphere creates neutrons, some of which reach the lower atmosphere and interact w/ nitrogen to create a radioactive isotop of carbon
- what is this

A

carbon dating

52
Q

when a particle and its anti-particles meet
- they annihilate and their mass is converted to enrgy
- 2 photons of equal energy must be created in order to conserve momentum

A

annihilation

53
Q

what type of radiation goes the furtherest

A

gamma

54
Q

with higher electrons will the radiation go further or shorter

A

further

55
Q

with a solution that is more dense will radiation go further or shorter

A

shorter in more dense solution

56
Q

attenuation of radiation by matter is what type of process

A

exponential

57
Q

what are more ionisation and interact more often
- between alpha and beta radiation

A

alpha

58
Q

alpha radiation is particularly dangerous to biological tissue but only if the tissue is in close contact with the ___ _____

A

alpha emitter

59
Q

three ways X and gamma radiation interact with matter

A
  1. photoelectric effect
  2. compton scattering
  3. pair production
60
Q

ioising radiation causes damage to genetically important molecules occasionally by direct hit but more often ____ by the creation of free radicals

A

indirect

61
Q

deterministic effects are
1. early of late
2. lethal or non lethal damage

A

early
lethal

62
Q

units of sievert (Sv) is or rem(roentgen equivalent man) measures what

A

roentgen equivalent man

63
Q

what does a PET scan use

A

positron emitting nucide

64
Q

the activity of a sample is related to what

A

how many atoms are decaying in a second

65
Q

what equation would you use for activity of a sample

A

A= (lamdar) xN

66
Q

what equation would you use for a decay constant

A

lamnar = 0.693/t(1/2)

67
Q

what is nuclear decay

A

process of an unstable nucleus transform into more stable (may still be unstable)

Physic notes (8 decks)

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