Radar Flashcards
The beam angle of VEGAPULS 64 with a G1½” process fitting corresponds to a 26-GHz radar sensor with which antenna?
VEGAPULS 62 with 95 mm horn antenna and DN 100/4” flange
A customer wants to buy a radar sensor for a standpipe application. Which sensor would you recommend?
VEGAPULS 63
The dynamic range of VEGAPULS 64 is
120dB
When microwaves hit foam, they are
damped
At which inclination of the window is the glass pane no longer visible on the echo curve of VEGAPULS 64?
10
You recommend a VEGAPULS 64 to a customer for detecting the level in a small vessel. Which antenna would you choose?
As big an antenna as possible – the bigger, the better!
What tips can you give the customer when measuring through glass?
Use a window that is as thin as possible. And the window or container ceiling should be slightly inclined if possible
Which antenna designs can be selected with the Second Line of Defense?
Hygienic fitting
Plastic Horn antenna
threated fitting
flange fitting
Why is VEGAPULS 64 better suited for buildup than 26-GHz sensors?
Due to the STC function & because of the high dynamic range
Is there a blocking distance (dead band) when using VEGAPULS 64 to detect oil?
Only with the smallest antenna size
What is the best measuring principle for foam?
Pressure, guided radar and radar
The higher the frequency the better the focusing. VEGAPULS 64 with its angle of 3° delivers a focused beam that only hits the medium and thus delivers reliable measured values even with internal installations in the vessel.
The higher the frequency the better the focusing. VEGAPULS 64 with its angle of 3° delivers a focused beam that only hits the medium and thus delivers reliable measured values even with internal installations in the vessel.
A customer in the oil and gas industry wants to install a new sensor on a ball valve. Why do you recommend VEGAPULS 64 and not VEGAPULS 62?
Due to the higher frequency and the better focusing
Assign the sensors according to the recommendation you would make for a bypass application.
VEGAFLEX 81; VEGAPULS 62.
VEGAPULS 64 = not recommended
What does the STC function stand for?
Sensitivity Time Control, a distance-dependent filter function
Why is VEGAPULS 64 better suited for measuring oil at low levels than sensors with 26 GHz?
The echo of the liquid has the same size as the echo of the tank bottom
What non contact level measurement technology is unaffected by environmental conditions, steam and condensation?
Radar
True or False - Radar sensors can be mounted above a plastic chemical tank, penetrate a tank, and accurately measure the level
True
How quickly can VEGA’s new compact and cable series radar sensors start up?
Less than 10 seconds
The C-series radar sensors have a completely potted cable and an IP68 rating and so can be fully submersed in water.
True
not a benefit offered by the new VEGAMET controllers?
Team Viewer
benefits: (Bluetooth Communication, Large Displays, Color Signaling Notification)
What is the beam angle of the VEGAPULS C23
4 degrees
True or False - The new VEGAPULS sensors have not special parameters/device memory.
True
True or False -All of the new VEGAPULS sensors have flood protection
True
Which new VEGAPULS sensor has the lowest price?
VEGAPULS C 11
Radar is the better Utrasonic
True
80 GHz (W-band) is the highest frequency allowed by the FCC for Level Probing Radar
True
In general, the larger the antenna, the….
Smaller the beam angle
True or False It is difficult for the 80 GHz radars to measure in 20” tall nozzles.
False
Good focusing allows for…
Avoid obstructions in the measurement area
Mounting on tall nozzles
Mounting on ball valves
80 GHz is better than the other frequencies because…
80 GHz has the best focusing
Radar is used in the following industries:
Food Processing
Power
Chemical
What is the reference measuring point of the PULS 64 with a threaded NPT connection?
Top of Threads
How should the polarization reference on a VEGAPULS sensor be oriented in relation to the sidewall?
Perpendicular
What is the first step in starting up a radar?
Sensor Tag
How do we address false echoes from condensation or buildup on the horn?
False Signal edit
False signal suppression is used to map out echoes that are “multiple” echoes.
False
The vessel height measuring range is the span of the sensor (4-20mA output).
False
The application menu when selected, fine tunes other critical parameter settings.
True
Given a constant bean angle the following applies: the higher the frequency…
the smaller the antenna surface
What is focusing?
Direct radiation to a point. The higher the frequency the better the focusing
Beam angle (focusing) is dependent on
transmission frequency; antenna area
=speed of light/(antenna area*frequency)
VEGAPULS 64 3/4” process fitting - beam angle?
14 degrees
VEGAPULS 64 1 1/2” process fitting - beam angle?
7 degrees
VEGAPULS 64 DN50/2” process fitting - beam angle?
6 degrees
VEGAPULS 64 DN80/3” process fitting plastic - beam angle?
3,6 degrees
VEGAPULS 64 DN80/3” process fitting - beam angle?
3,3 degrees
Why isn’t it possible to use an antenna extension with VEGAPULS69?
With 80GHz, the waveguide would have to be 3x smaller than with 26 GHz
The opening angle of the radar beam is inversely proportional to
the antenna area and the transmission frequency
The focusing of a radar sensor corresponds to the
angle in which the antenna radiates energy
Why are the mounting sockets so long?
to comply with accident prevention guidelines
so that sensor is readily accessible
Why does VEGAPULS 64 behave the same in long mounting sockets as in short mounting sockets
Due to its additional builtin STC function
Due to its good signal focusing
Always try to use the largest possible process fitting…even in
small containers
VEGAPULS 64 measuring range
up to 30m/118.1”
Assuming the beam angle remains the same how does the frequency affect the antenna?
The higher the frequency, the smaller the area
The smaller the antenna the smaller the process fitting
The dynamic range of a radar sensor indicates
how universally the sensor can be used
the difference between the largest and the smallest signal that can be measured by the sensor
VEGAPULS 62 dynamic range
96dB
VEGAPULS 64 dynamic range
120dB
how much larger are the echos generated by VEGAPULS 64 than those generated by VEGAPULS 62?
250x larger
The greater the amplitude of the level signal
the higher the measurement certainty
Advantages of high dynamic range
Foam also damps the signal of 80GHz radar sensor it depends on the properties of the foam
very moist, a lot of water, bubbles, how high
Extreme foam applications use
VEGABAR 82 or VEGAWELL 52 best choice
another possibility VEGAFLEX 81 guided radar
VEGAPULS 62 is not recommended for use in stand pipe or bypasses.
Use VEGAFLEX for stand pipe or bypass applications
VEGAFLEX 81 (<2GHz) VEGAPULS 62 or 63 (26GHz) for non contact measurement VEGAPULS 66 (6.3 GHz)
Deadban on VEGAPULS 64
When using 3/4” antenna to measure oil there is a blocking distance of 140mm 15.5” to the sensor reference point (NO BLOCKING DISTANCE WITH WATER - because level signal is larger than the antenna ringing) - With 1 1/2” antenna there is no blocking distance
Every radar system generates noise at close range. This is nose is always located at the beginning of the echo curve ie at 0 meters on the distance axis.
Antenna Ringing
Is strongest at the smallest value on the distance axis and becomes weaker with increasing distance. Always present law of physics
Sending
The larger the antenna the better the focusing
Receiving
the larger the antenna the more reflected energy received
When measuring liquids with a low dielectric constant always try to use the largest possible antenna
Antennas of size 11/2” and larger are ideal for measuring liquids with low dielectric constant
Why is an angles window orientation ideal?
The interfering reflection of the radar beam caused by the window is deflected away from the sensor
Angled Windows VEGAPULS 64
Angles over aprox 10-15 degrees eliminate a direct reflection from the window
Angled Windows 26GHz
angles over aprox 35-45 degrees eliminate a direct reflection from the window
Why does condensate form on a radar sensor?
Condensate is generated when the temperature changes. Condensate arises often in winter
condensate rises whenever the outside temperature of the tank is lower than the temperature inside the tank
transition of a substance from a gaseous state to a liquid state
Why does VEGAPULS 64 have no problem with buildup?
STC function
Sensitivity time control
filter for buildup
time is equivalent to distance
Tank insulated, mounting socket not insulated. Result buildup on the sensor
Also insulate the mounting socket and the sensor flange to reduce buildup and condensate
buildup causes
false reflections and multiple echoes
Why is it recommended to use a short a mounting socket as possible?
This makes it possible to align the sensor
For level measurement of bulk solids, choose a radar sensor with
the largest possible dynamic range
for level measurement of bulk solids with poorly reflecting media make sure
the sensor is mounted in a good position
VEGAPULS 69 fittings
Plastic horn antenna
threaded version
metal frame lens antenna
Measurement range VEGAPULS 69
120m
Measurement range VEGAPULS 67
15m
Measurement range VEGAPULS SR 68
30m
Measurement range VEGAPULS 68
75m
Application Limits VEGAPULS 67
- 40 to 80 C
- 1 Bar to 2 Bar
Application Limits VEGAPULS 68
- 200 to 450 C
- 1 Bar to 160 Bar
Application Limits VEGAPULS SR 68
- 40 to 250 C
- 1 Bar to 100 Bar
Application Limits VEGAPULS 69
- 40 to 200 C
- 1 Bar to 20 Bar
Why is VEGAPULS64 preferably to VEGAPULS69 for small bulk solids container?
A small blocking distance (dead band)
Relationship between radar frequency and wavelength
VEGAPULS 65
6.3 GHz
wavelength = 47mm (1.85”)
Relationship between radar frequency and wavelength
VEGAPULS 68
26 GHz
wavelength = 12mm (0.47”)
Relationship between radar frequency and wavelength
VEGAPULS 69
80 GHz
wavelength = 4mm (0.16”)
Powders and fine grained bulk material are difficul to measure with 26GHz if they form an even surface
use VEGAPULS 69
Optimal mounting
1/6 of the silo diameter outside from the silo wall
Best position during filling
As far away as possible from the material stream - Alternative install a 26 Ghz radar sensor
Mounting socket bulk solids tip
long socket when measuring poorly reflective bulk solids . Long mounting sockets align at an angle or use wide access channel
Optimal alignment bulk solids
tilted towards the outlet of the silo
Guided wave radar instruments (FLEX) can measure liquids and solids and they are unaffected by dust, vapor and
foam
VEGAFLEX 81 measures the level or interface (separation layers) of liquids with great reliability and accuracy.
true
VEGAFLEX 81 is the ideal instrument for measuring the level of liquefied gases in horizontal bullet tanks. What antenna is best utilized for this application?
coaxial
VEGAFLEX 81 is immune to condensation and buildup and is suitable for use in metal and plastic vessels.
true
VEGAFLEX 82 is an ideal solution for continuous measurement in aggregate and cement silos. This is because
shape of material in silo has no influence on measurement
VEGAFLEX 83 is an ideal solution for level measurement in food and dairy production. This is because
coated road and cable are designed with sanitary connections to satisfy hygiene requirements
VEGAFLEX 86 is the most robust guided wave sensor.
True
VEGAFLEX 86 with steam compensation is ideal in high pressure steam applications. Please select the statement that doesn’t fit.
It automatically corrects measurement in saturated steam
VEGAFLEX two areas of echo curve
Close range and probe end
When signal drops the VEGAFLEX tracks
the end of the probe
Steam measurement
VEGAFLEX 86
VEGAFLEX 86 steam measurement range
2 or 4mm cable 0-264Ft (0-75m)
8 or 12mm Rod 0-20Ft (0-6m)
21mm or 42mm diameter coaxial 0-20ft (0-6m)
VEGAFLEX 86 Temperature
-40 392F (40-200C)
VEGAFLEX 86 Pressure
-14.5 - 580 PSI (-1 to 40 BAR)
Liquid Ammonia
VEGAFLEX 81
VEGAFLEX 81 Liquid Amonia Measurement Range
21mm diameter coaxial 0-20ft (0-6m)
VEGAFLEX 81 Liquid Amonia Temperature
-76 - 302F (-60 to 150C)
VEGAFLEX 81 Liquid Amonia Pressure
-14.5 - 580 PSI (-1 to 40BAR)
Bulk Solids
VEGAFLEX 82
VEGAFLEX 82 Measurement Range
16mm Rod 0-20Ft (0-6m)
4 or 6mm cable 0-264Ft (0-75m)
VEGAFLEX 82 Temperature
40-392F (-40 to 200C)
VEGAFLEX 82 Pressure
-14.5 - 580 PSI (-1 to 40 BAR)
Sanitary Applications
VEGAFLEX 83
VEGAFLEX 83 Measurement Range
8mm Rod (0-13Ft) (0-4m)
VEGAFLEX 83 Temperature
-40 - 302F (-40 to 150C)
VEGAFLEX 83 Pressure
-14.5 - 232 PSI (-1 to 16 BAR)
Corrosive Media
VEGAFLEX 83
VEGAFLEX 83 Corrosive Media Measurement Range
4mm cable 0-104Ft (0-32m)
10mm Rod 0-13Ft (0-4m)
VEGAFLEX 83 Corrosive Media Temperature
-40 - 302F (-40 to 150C)
VEGAFLEX 83 Corrosive Media Pressure
-14.5 - 232 PSI (-1 to 16 BAR)
VEGAFLEX 86 High Pressure and High Temperature
2 or 4mm 0-246Ft (0-75m)
16mm Rod 0-20Ft (0-6m)
42mm Coaxial 0-20Ft (0-6m)
VEGAFLEX 86 High Pressure and High Temperature =T
-321-842F (-196 to 450C)
VEGAFLEX 86 High Pressure and High Temperature = P
-14.5-5800PSI (-1 to 400 BAR)
Which non-contact radar sensor is specifically designed for level measurement of liquids?
VEGAPULS 64
Select all the reasons that Guided Wave Radar (GWR) is better than non-contact radar for measuring in a chamber. [Select all that apply]
It doesnt detect holes and weld in seams
more resistant to build up
How should the polarization reference on a VEGAPULS sensor be oriented in relation to the side wall?
perpendicular
What function prevents the VEGAPULS 69 from reading a false high level when there is build-up?
STC
Select the best combination of applications/factors where Guided Wave Radar should be your choice over non-contact radar:
high temperature, ammonia, interface, saturated steam and measuring in a pipe
Which non-contact radar device is the best for continuous measurement of solids?
VEGAPULS 69
True or False: Radar sensors can be mounted above a plastic chemical tank, penetrate the tank, and accurately measure the level.
true
Which GWR sensor is specifically designed for level measurement of liquids?
VEGAFLEX 81
Which of the following are advantages of 80 GHz technology?
narrow beam angle
able to detect small articles
What is the reference measuring point of a VEGAPULS 64 with a threaded NPT connection?
top of the threads
Ultrasonic sensors transmit mechanical waves and radar sensors transmit ________ waves.
radio
What is the minimum distance off a sidewall a VEGAPULS sensor should be installed?
8 inches
How many VEGAPULS sensors can you add to a vessel before they crosstalk?
the more merrier! crosstalk is no concern
Which GWR sensor should be used in applications with high pressures and / or high temperatures?
VEGAFLEX 86
On radar sensors without STC function, how do we address false echoes from condensation or build-up on the antenna?
false signal edit
True or False: The VEGAPULS 64 is the best sensor VEGA offers for measuring in a stilling well.
false
Which VEGAFLEX sensor has a 3A approval?
VEGAFLEX 83
In general, the larger the antenna, the…
smaller the beam angle
Which of the VEGAPULS C sensors has the longest measuring range?
VEGAPULS C 23
What is a dielectric constant (dK) of a product indicative of?
A product’s ability to reflect electrical energy
How often does a VEGAPULS 31 need to be re-calibrated?
never
When mounting a GWR in a stilling well, what probe should be selected?
rod with spacers
coaxial
cable with centering weight
What radar sensor is best for measuring in an area where it could become submersed in water?
VEGAPULS C series
Select the primary feature of VEGAFLEX 86 that enables it to measure accurately in a saturated steam vessel.
Reference lenghts
When the antenna size stays the same, how does frequency impact the focusing?
the higher the frequency the better the focusing
Which radar sensor is ideal for non-contact measurement in simple applications and comes with a display?
VEGAPULS 31
If the customer orders their GWR rod probe too long, can they cut the rod and program the sensor with the new length?
Yes
Atmospheric pressure is ……
the pressure exerted by the air above
Gauge pressure is…..
the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure
Differential pressure is…..
the difference in pressure between two points in measurement
Turndown ratio is….
the pressure measured relative to the required measuring cell range
hyrostatic pressure is
downward pressure exerted by fluid based on its density and weight
VEGA’s Hydrostatic products are used in the following applications
Flotation cells
top down storage tanks
shipbuilding
When selecting an ABSOLUTE pressure cell to measure vacuum, the best range to choose would be?
0-15psi
VEGABAR with only 4…20mA output has no lighting.
True
What is the name of the 3-key operation with VEGABAR?
VDMA
The new VEGABAR series instruments are not suitable for hydrostatic measurements.
False
VEGABAR 29 has a ceramic measuring cell.
False
Metal separating diaphragms can be made of many different materials depending on application.
True
To minimize drift due to oil expansion and contraction, we recommend the minimum flange size to be?
3” DN75
The VEGA ceramic cell only uses medical white oil filling for hygienic applications.
False
About how many times harder are ceramic diaphragms than stainless steel?
10
The VEGA ceramic diaphragm can be used in ALL pressure applications.
False
