RAD PROCEDURES 3 Flashcards
What are the two classifications of mobile x-ray machines?
- Battery operated units
- Capacitor discharge units
What are the ranges for kVp and mAs on a mobile x-ray machine?
- Range for kVp is 40 to 130
- Range for mAs is 0.04 to 320
What is the total unit of power for a mobile x-ray machine?
Total unit power is between 15 and 25 kW
Explain the various factors of the mobile machine as it relates to speed, incline, charge, recharging and number of exposures.
- 2 sets of batteries (10 to 16 12 volt batteries connected in a series)
- 2.5 to 3 mph average walking speed
- Maximum incline of 7 degrees
- 10 to 15 exposures when fully charged
- 10 miles on level ground when fully charged
- 8 hours charging time if fully discharged
What are the advantages/disadvantage of the capacitor-discharge unit?
- Smaller size/easy to move/lighter in weight
- kVp drops constantly during length of exposure
- kVp may start @ 100 but during the exposure drop to 80 by the end
What are the three important technical factors for mobile imaging?
- Grid
- Anode heel effect
- SID
The incorrect use of a grid can result in loss of density across all or part of an image. Grid cut-off can result from 4 factors:
- off-center grid
- off-level grid
- off-focus grid
- upside-down grid
If a longitudinal grid tilts transversely such as when placing under a patient on a mattress, the CR forms an angle across the long axis of the grid resulting in:
A lost of image density or grid cutoff
The CR must be centered along the center axis of the grid. If the CR is off from the midline, grid cutoff can result. The more CR is off centered the _______ the grid cutoff.
greater
What is the ratio and focal range for most focus type grids?
- 6:1 or 8:1 ratio
- 36 to 44” focal range
What is the grid ratio for portable and bucky grids?
Portable grids: 6:1 or 8:1
Bucky grids: 12:1
What is the concept of the anode heel effect?
- The intensity of radiation from the cathode end is greater than at the anode end.
- The heel effect causes a decrease in image density @ anode end due to the greater absorption of x-rays.
Anode heel effect:
A thicker body part @ cathode end and a thinner part @ anode end.
Recommended minimal distance from mobile unit when making exposure is _______ or length of the cord.
6 feet
_______ radiography produces some of the highest occupational radiation exposures for radiographers.
Mobile
The single most effective means of radiation protection is ___________.
distance.
SSD or source-to-skin distance cannot be less than __________ according to the Federal Safety Regulation.
12 inches
What is trauma?
- A sudden, unexpected dramatic event
- Incorporates a range of conditions
In trauma imaging, how does one approach the standard projections that are part of the routine protocol for imaging different body parts?
Adaptation (to patient)
Blunt trauma
(MVA, collisions, falls & aggravated assault)
Penetrating trauma
(gun shot wounds, stab wounds, impalement injuries, foreign body ingestion & aspiration)
Explosive trauma
pressure shock waves, high-velocity projectiles & burns
What is Principle 1 for trauma imaging?
- 2 projections 90 degrees to each other with true -CR-part-IR alignment
- Angling of CR and IR as needed
- Consider patient’s condition
What is Principle 2 of trauma imaging?
- Entire structure is included on image
- Selection of IR size
- Secondary fractures
- Joint nearest fracture site
What is Principle 3 of trauma imaging?
- To maintain safety for patients, healthcare workers and the public
- Side rails
- ALARA principle
- Bone displaced from joint
- Abnormal shape or alignment
- Dislocation or luxation
- Subluxation or partial dislocation
Twisting of a joint resulting in partial rupture or tearing of ligaments w/o dislocation
Sprain
Break in a bone
Fracture
Alignment or disalignment describing the relationship of the long axes of fx fragments
Apposition
Fragmented ends make end-to-end contact
Anatomic apposition
Fragmented ends are aligned but pulled apart
Lack of apposition or distraction
Fragments overlap and shafts make contact (fracture ends do not)
Bayonet apposition
Loss of alignment of fracture
Angulation
Direction or angle of apex of fracture
Apex
Distal part of distal fragment angled toward midline of body (lateral apex – points away)
Varus deformity
Distal part of distal fragment angled away from midline (apex pointed toward midline)
Valgus deformity
Bone does not break through skin
Simple/closed
Portion of bone protrudes through skin
Compound/open
Fracture does not traverse through entire bone
Incomplete
Break is complete and broken into 2 pieces
Complete
Buckling of cortex with localized expansion and no complete break in cortex
Torus or Buckle
Fracture on one side only with the other side bent
Greenstick
Near right angle to long axis of bone
Transverse fracture
Fracture that passes at an oblique angle to long axis of bone
Oblique fracture
Bone is twisted apart and fracture spirals around long axis of bone
Spiral fracture
Fiberglass cast Increase kVp by
3 - 4 kV
Small to medium plaster cast Increase kVp by
5-7 KV
Large plaster cast Increase kVp by
8-10 KV
What proper attire is needed when in the surgical suite or department?
Protective eyewear Masks Shoe covers Hair covers/cap Gloves ID & radiation badge
What are the different options for covering the C-arm during surgery?
- Plastic cover
- Temporary draping
- Plastic or cloth - “Shower curtain”
- Hip procedures
What is another name for a mobile fluoroscopic unit?
C-Arm
Which of the monitors with the C-Arm unit is consider active?
Left
Which of the monitors holds or saves the last image?
Right
What is the name of the function on the C-Arm that allows images to be recorded in rapid sequence and then are displayed as a moving image (contrast injection)?
Cine loop
What are some of the different functions or operational modes on the C-Arm?
Mag or magnification Pulse mode Snapshot or digital Film mode Auto/manual exposure Subtraction Roadmapping Boost Foot pedal
- As a general rule for radiation exposure, a radiographer should stand @ ______ or _____ degrees to the primary beam and the object being radiographed.
- The____ amount of scatter radiation occurs @ this position.
- right angle or 90 degrees
- least
The _____ amount of scatter radiation occurs on the tube side of the fluoro unit.
Therefore it is recommended that the x-ray tube be placed ____ the patient.
- greatest
- under
The exposure region on the x-ray tube side of the patient is significantly greater than the region near the intensifier tower.
Horizontal projection
