RACISM AND HEALTH Flashcards
1
Q
Why is racism in Canada referred to as ‘polite?’
A
Manifests through microaggressions and internalized assumptions and beliefs (covert racism) rather than overt racism
2
Q
The 2017 Ontario Anti-Racism Act
Recognized…
A
- systemic racism is a persistent reality in Ontario, preventing many from fully participating in society
- denies equal rights, freedoms, respect and dignity
3
Q
Canada’s 2018 Anti-racism Strategy
recognized…
A
Both the historical and concurrent realities of racialized people in our country
4
Q
The 2018 CPHA Position Paper
recognized…
A
we are all either overtly or inadvertently racist and the influence of such affects the health of individuals and populations
5
Q
AntiBlack Racism
defintion; roots; effects
A
- Definition: a system of ineqalities in power, resources and opportunities that oppresses people of African descent
- Roots: deeply entrenched and normalized - rooted in European colonization of Africa and the legitimacy of the transatlantic slave trade
- Effects: intergenerational and sustained experienes of oppression in a lifespan result in chronic stress and trauma which affects physical and mental health (cradle to grave); threat of life through violence
6
Q
Building Blocks of Health Equity
list (3)
A
- anti-colonialism
- anti-racism
- systemic racism lens
7
Q
Anti-colonialism
definition
A
- Recognize Indigenous peolpe’s inherent rights and sovereignty and right to self-determination
- Understand Canada’s colonial history and its ongoing impacts
8
Q
Anti-Racism
Definition
A
identify, remove, and mitigate racially inequitable outcomes and power imbalances
9
Q
Systemic Racism Lens
Definition
A
- Focusing on change at systems and population level and building accountability for change
- Questioning the system of priviledge that allows racist behaviour to occur
- Questioning the foundation that is upholding the act of racism
10
Q
True or False:
Most Black nurses in Ontario deal with racism
A
True
11
Q
Why is race a difficult social determinant to study?
A
race-based and identity data are not routinely collected
12
Q
There is a higher incidence of diabetes in:
A
non-white females
intersectional
13
Q
Who is most at risk of being diagnosed with hypertension?
A
non-immigrant Black women
14
Q
Race
definition
A
a social construct, not intrinsic, but created by socially dominant groups
15
Q
Racism
definition
A
a belief that one group is superior to another
16
Q
Racialization
definition
A
a process by which groups can be socially constructed as races
17
Q
Racist
definition
A
One who is supporting racist policy through action or inaction
One who is expressing a racist idea
18
Q
Levels of Racism
List (3)
A
- personally mediated racism
- internalized racism
- institutionalized racism
19
Q
Define:
Personally mediated racism:
A
- prejudice: differential assumptions about the abilities, motives and intentions of others according to race
- discrimination: different actions toward others according to race
20
Q
Define:
Internalized racism
A
acceptance of negative messages about abilities and intrinsic worth by members of stigmatized races
21
Q
Define:
Institutionalized Racism
A
differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by race
22
Q
Define
Systemic Racism
A
- an interlocking and reciprocal relationship between the individual, institutional, and structural levels which function as a system of racism
- these various levels of racism operate together in a ‘lockstep model’ and function together as a whole
23
Q
What is:
Mind the Gap?
A
- a clinical dermatology handbook of signs and symptoms in black and brown skin.
- aims of project were to highlight lack of diversity in medical education and literature
24
Q
Immigration Growth Trajectory
A
- persons of working age in Canada could decrease as a shared total of the population
- to combat, Immigration Levels Plan Canada aims to welcome an increasing number of immigrants between 2022-2024
25
Immigration Refugee and Citizenship Canada
almost 1/4 of the population are immigrants to Canada
immigrants includes:
* economic immigrants
* immigrants sponsored by family
* refugees
* temp foreign workers
* international students
* undocumented migrants
26
Canadian Healthcare Act: Eligibility and Access to Health Care
| for immigrants, temp foreign workers, intl students, and undoc. migrants
* Immigrants: eligible for healthcare coverage under the Canada Health Act
* Temporary foreign workers: eligible for provincial or territorial health care where person works
* International Students: private health insurance from schools; provincial health insurance in some provinces
* Undocumented migrants: not eligible for health insurance
27
# Define
the healthy immigrant effect
immigrants are less likely than long term residents to have a minor cardiovascular event like a heart attack or stroke
28
Unmet Healthcare Needs Among BIPOC Populations
* mistrust and discriminiation among healthcare professionals
* inadequate cultural congruent care among HCPs
* systemic barriers - deficient knowledge of the healthcare system
* ineffetive communication and language barriers
29
COVID 19 Racial Health Inequities
* COVID mortality rate was significantly higher for racialized populations
* mortality rates due to covid 19 for Black people living in low income were almost 3x higher compared to black people not living in low income
* high inequities for black males for covid mortality rates
30
Who is most likely to be working poor according to age-standardized rate in Canada?
Nonimmigrant black women
31
Systemic Racism in Canada
| how have trends changed between 2014 and 2019?
* experiences of discimination were more common among Indigenous people and Black people in 2019 than they were in 2014
* Experiences of discimination were much more common among Canadian-born Black people than among Black immigrants
* Black teenage girls treated as adults in detention system
32
Ontario Health Equity Inclusion, Diversity and Anti-Racism Framework
Centre:
1. collect equity data
2. embed in strategic plan
3. partner to advance indigenous health equity
4. invest in implementation
Outside:
1. identify clear accountability
2. represent and reflect Ontarians
3. include and engage key voices
4. address racism
5. reduce disparities
6. contribute to population health
7. report and evaluate to drive improvement
33
Anti-Racist and Anti-Oppression Approaches
* promotion of elglatarianism and power sharing
* understanding of one's social position and how it informs relations and practice behaviours
* challenge existing social relationships
* participation in practice behaviours that minimize power imbalances and promote equity
* empowerment of service users
34
Actions for Community Health Nurse Allies
* Reflexive relational practice
* Socio-political education (unlearn, analyze, integrate new knowledge)
* Engage in structural power analysis (decision making about policies and investments, set agendas for priorities, frame an issue, acknowledge racism, shape values)
* Systems change through:
1. core values
2. context and consequences
3. Monitoring
4. Explanation of problem
5. Actions to achieve health and social equity*
35
Manifestations of institutionalized racism
## Footnote
Jones (2000)
* differential access to education, housing, gainful employment, medical facilities, clean environment
* access to power - differential asccess to:
1. information incl. one's own history,
2. resources incl. wealth and organizational infrastructure, and
3. voice inc. voting rights, representation in government, and control of media
36
Manifestations of Internalized Racism
## Footnote
Jones (2000)
* not believing in others who look like them
* not believing themselves
* accepting limitations of one's full humanity - dreams, right to self-determination, range of self-expression
* embracing whiteness, self devaluation, resignation, helplessness, and hopelessness
37
Recommendations for a National Anti-Racism Strategy
## Footnote
Raphael et al., 2020
Target key areas most affected by structural racism including:
* racial inequities in the labor market
* racialization of poverty
* systemic racism in criminal justice
* systemic racism in national security
* systemic racism in child welfare
* systemic racism in health care and health inequities
* inequities in access to basic necessities incl. housing and other social benefits
* inequities in education and educational outcomes
* systemic racism in immigration legislation
* systemic racism in citizen legislation
* hate crimes
38
# Define:
Globalization
## Footnote
Raphael et al., 2020
process by which nations, businesses, and people are becoming more connected and interdependent through:
1. increased economic integration,
2. communication exchange,
3. cultural diffusion, and
4. travel
39
# Name and define
the root of what allows some to remain healthier and wealthier
Neoliberalism
* theory of political economy that emphasizes free markets, trade and finance liberalization, and minimal state governance
40
Three waves of neoliberalism
1. rollback of state welfare for developing countries by the IMF and World Bank
2. rollout of liberalized and deregulated global finances that allowed new investors to 'game the economy' which lead to the 2008 financial crisis
3. globally diffused voluntary acceptance of fiscal austerity to reduce government deficit caused by bailing out banks and investors responsible for the 2008 crisis
41
Consequences of Neoliberalism
* richest billionaries have more wealth than bottom half of humanity combined
* exacerbates climate crisis, mass species extinction, and collapse of ecosystems
* drives mass migration, new forms of xenophobia and nationalist protectionist responses
42
Reversing Toxic Trends of Neoliberalism
* Digital communication creates new platforms to link community activism at local and global scales
* Knowledge sharing creates opportunities for more equitable health gains
* Intergovernmental agreements for human rights treaties, SDGs, Paris Climate Accord, and other specific health treaties
* Renewed advocacy to regulate commercial dets. of health and create agreements to eliminate tax evasion/regulate transnational corporations
* Contemporary globalization has shaped economic and political rules, and limited government ability to create living conditions that determine health
