GLOBAL HEALTH Flashcards
Define:
Globalization
the process by which people are becoming more connected through increased economic integration, communication, and cultural diffusion
Name:
Benefits of Globalization
prompted advances in technology, science, communication, and cross-national interdependencies
Name:
Drawbacks of Globalization
- generate unbalanced outcomes for populations both between and within conutries
- increased wide disparities in access to social resources and the opportunities they afford
true or false:
Free trade is fair trade
False
result of exploitation of workers in LMICs
Describe
Purpose of OECD Countries
37 countries founded into the OECD in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade
OECD countries describe themselves as:
- committed to democracy and market economy
- committed to providing a common platform to compare policies and seek answers to common problems
- looking at identifying good practices and coordinating domestic and international policies of its members
Criticism of OECD
- countries involved are typically high-income, Euro-Western countries
- LMICs not represented and have little voice
Define:
Global Health
- an area for study, research and practice that places priority on improving health and achieving equity for all worldwide
- shares common concern for preventing disease and promoting health for communities and whole populations
- focused on human health issues that transcend national boarders
- components of preventative and individual level clinical care
Criticism of Global Health
LMICs remind us that global health is a convenient and artificial concept developed from HICs used to decribe their health practices that are employed in LMICs
Describe:
the differences between global and international health
- global health: discuss health in own country of resicence, but also all other countries - make compariasons
- international health: looks at health in LMICs only
List:
Measures of Disease Burden
- financial cost
- mortality
- morbidity
- others (DALY)
Define and describe
DALYs
DALY = disability adjusted life years = years of life lost due to ill health and disability
* more focused on quality of life
* standardized by age and the risk contributing to ill health and understanding of years life lost
Describe:
Double Burden of Disease
- prevalent in LMICs
- rise in noncommunicable disease cases along with continued increase in communicable disease
Children are 15x more likely to die in Sub Saharan Africa due to:
- poverty
- malnutrition
- food insecurity threat
- lean season becoming more prevalent d/t global warming and climate change
Children are 15x more likely to die in Sub Saharan Africa due to:
- poverty
- malnutrition
- food insecurity threat
- lean season becoming more prevalent d/t global warming and climate change
What is the impact of trade and travel on new and emerging infections?
can facilitate the rapid spread of disease worldwide
Contemporary issues in global health
- cost containment
- lack of basic healthcare services and providers
- social determinants of health
- different advancing innovations and the impacts of such
The global community has a desparate need for building capacity and early response. This is _____________ level prevention
secondary
Within country differences for maternal and child health (along with other areas of health) are higher in:
Indigenous areas
Goal of the UN SDGs
stimulate governments, united nations, and the public toward discovery of practical solutions to the greatest challenges of sustainable development
List:
How healthcare professionals can act as global citizens:
(4)
- look past dominant emphasis on individual care
- engage critically and reflexively with social, historical, and political issues
- develop capacity in identifying tensions between personal and professional interests and global interests
- work from the premise that people’s experiences of health and illness are culturally and geographically located
Review:
Conditions attached to loans by World Bank and IMF
- When LMICs cannot afford to pay for infrastructure projects, they take loans from the IMF and World Bank
- Development committee of IMFs and WB consists of people who are highly priviledged - influence which projects get funded
- Debt load for LMICs gets higher, interest rates increase, and national/global debt of LMICs increase
List:
Attributes of Social Justice and Global Citizenship
- equity
- human rights
- democracy
- capacity building
- just institutions
- enabling environments
- poverty reduction
- ethical practice
- advocacy
- partnerships
LMICs face more infectious disease due to…
- environmental conditions - more water-borne and vector borne illness, crowded conditions, poverty
- poor nutrition - influences immune sustem - more susceptible to infection
- lack of healthcare infrastructure - screening and medication for HIV
- lack of education - ex. stigma around testing and screening for HIV
Data maps:
Definition and drawbacks
- used to evaluate if an intervention is working
- data skewed in LMICs as they do not have the surveillance or monitoring infrastructure to collect case data
Define:
Decolonizing Global Health
movement that fights against ingrained systems of dominanace and power in the work to improve the health of populations
* between countries - including between previously colonized and plundered nations
* within countries
Actions:
Decolonizing Global Health
- ground global health in social justice, acknowledge colonialism, racism sexism, and other harmful -isms that pose threat to health equity
- leadership shift to become more representative
- remove knowledge barreirs between global south and global north
Review:
Millenium Development Goals (until 2015)
- eradicate poverty and hunger
- achieve universal primary education
- promote gender equality and empower women
- reduce child mortality
- improve maternal health
- make progress in HIV, malaria, and other diseases
- ensure environmental sustainability
- global partnerships for development
Review
Critical social theory
Post-colonial feminist perspective
Critical social theory:
* seeks to understand a situation, alter conditions, lead to emancipation, equity and freedom
Post-colonial feminism:
* draws attention to unequal power relations rooted in colonialism that systemically disadvantage some groups
Review:
CNA Code of Ethics (2008)
maintaining awareness of broader global health concerns such as violations of human rights, war, world hunger, gender inequities, and environmental pollution… Nurses work with individuals and with others to bring about social change
Review:
Position statement on Global Health and Equity (CNA, 2009)
citizens of the world have the right and responsibility to remain aware of what affects others, act upon inequities to the best of their ability, and speak on behalf of those who have no voice and no resources
List:
Principles of Global Ethics
- humulity
- introspection
- solidarity
- social justice
Describe:
SOIL Haiti
- a sanitation provider in Haiti that has built Haiti’s first ecological sanitation toilet and first waste treatment facility
- converts human waste into compost - provides sanitation to people who do not have toilet access; provides supply of organic compost
Explore:
Four enormous global healh challenges addressed by SOIL Haiti
- lack of access to sanitation
- malnutrition
- poverty
- deforestation
Benefits of SOIL Haiti
- provides low cost sanitation and nutritional and economic benefits in low resource settings while reducing the loss of vital forest cover
- overcomes challenges in a culturally sensitive and practical manner by working closely with local communities to meet their needs
Global Health has evolved from…
… colonial and tropical medicine, which were designed to control colonized populations and make political and economic exploitation by EU and NA powers easier
List
Proposed steps that global health practitioners can take to drive reforms:
(3)
- Step 1: identify specific ways in which global organizations actively play a role in global health and interlinked roles in perpetuating inequity
- Step 2: publish a clear list of reforms required to decolonize global health practice so that organizations who are more committed to moving beyond statements can better respond in a more proactive and coordinated way
- Step 3: develop metrics to track progress of organizations in global health and transparently share findings through different public challenges
review:
UN SDGs
(17)
- no poverty
- zero hunger
- good health and wellbeing
- quality education
- gender equality
- clean water and sanitation
- affordable and clean energy
- decent economic growth
- industry, innovation, and infrastructure
- reduced inequalities
- sustainable cities and communities
- responsible consumption and production
- climate action
- life below water
- life on land
- peace, justice, and strong institutions
- partnerships
Review:
WHO - Urgent health challenges for the next decade
- elevating health in the climate debate
- delivering health in conflict and crisis
- making health care fairer
- expanding access to medicines
- stopping infectious disease
- preparing for epidemics
- protecting people from dangerous products
- investing in people who defend our health
- keeping adolescents safe
- earning public trust
- harnessing new technologies
- protecting the medicines that protect us
- keeping health care clean
Review:
Guidelines for short-term medical missions
(STMMs)
- members of an STMM should partner with local health professional to ensure that STMM meets local needs and provides continuity of care for the local system, and also supports capacity development of local health care workers
- volunteers from HICs prioritize providing clinical care, but local hosts want volunteers to assist with capacity building
- recommended that managers of STMM teams partner with host to complete a needs assessment before arriving to promote collaboration and ensure care is integrated into long term systems
- collaboration during direct clinical care in STMM supports skill development for all health professionals involved
- STMM professionals adhere to local licensing and legal requirements
- building capacity and improving access to medical supplies should be among the primary objectives of STMMs
- continuity should be a concern for all STMMs
- steps should be taken to move organizations from one-time STMMs to regular ongoing program support to facilitate sustainable in-country health systems
- MM teams should play a role in supporting medical product needs
