RACIAL TRAUMA AND INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION Flashcards
ENGLISH ET AL, 2020
discrimination more common than previously thought if it is measured comprehensively and via experience sampling
Majority of experiences are coming through direct and vicarious discrimination experiences online - black youth report more discrimination online than in person
Found that individual online experiences were more common than individual general experiences , vicarious teasing, and vicarious general
Vicarious online experiences more frequent than individual teasing, vicarious teasing, vicarious general, individual general
MARCIANO AND ANTEBI-GRUSZKA, 2022
Similar study to english et al, but with israeli lgb adults - not experience sampling, just questionnaire
Shows that online discrimination experiences are common, and can target many different aspects of identity
WEINSTEIN ET AL, 2021
How are online and offline bullying and racial discrimination related to each other over time among racially minoritized adolescents?
..kids of colour that are victimized tend to be victimized generally and because of race/ethnicity - in person and online. Offline bullying leads to increase in online bullying and offline racial discrimination one year later. Online racial discrimination exposure not longitudinally predicted by other forms of victimization
In person bullying is also associated with more in person racial discrimination one year later
***arrows don’t go other way…. People experiencing offline or online discrimination didn’t turn into more general bullying - general bullying always led to discrimination not other way
VOLPE ET AL 2021 - LIBERATORY MEDIA LITERACY AS PROTECTIVE AGAINST POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS FOR EMERGING ADULTS OF COLOUR
how does liberatory media literacy protect individuals against the harmful effects of online trauma exposure?
Online racial trauma exposure is fairly common and predicts greater ptsd symptoms, except for those who endorse inclusive use of media and tech at very high (4.48+/6) levels
Inclusive media and tech was the only part of liberatory media literacy had a mediating effect
Black and latinx emerging adults experienced the most racially traumatic online events
liberatory media literacy
ability to critically read, evaluate, support, and create media and tech that represents people of color in their full humanity
4 components:
→ Inclusive media and technology - recognizing how values and views of dominant groups are shared/reproduced in media
→ Content creation and social action
→ Awareness of power relationships in media and technology
Personal action through media and technology
why is ptsd unique
because it is one of the only types of disorders that needs to be related to an event
what is ptsd predicated on?
CRITERION A STRESSOR:
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways:
→ Direct exposure
→ Witnessing event in person
→ Learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend - in cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental
→ Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g. first responders, police officers)
MONICA WILLIAMS ET AL, (2018) HOW DOES FIT (OR NOT FIT) WITHIN THE DSM-5?
More serious major discriminatory events may qualify outright as criterion A stressors
But many do not…
Dsm says criterion A trauma can’t be online exposure (unless work related)
· Inconsistent with trauma symptoms reported by people who see frequent examples on TV and media of in group members being exposed to violence or police brutality
Conceptual boundaries of criterion A traumatic events:
Calls for dsm to expand criteria to include traumas resulting from racism and marginalization:
→ More chronic, lower level experiences but have cumulative effects across lifespan
→ Racism leads to many symptoms listed for ptsd
Therefore, possible misdiagnosis of depression or anxiety, instead of ptsd symptoms
Argument against:
More expansive definition will reduce reliability/integrity/validity of diagnosis
stress sensitization
exposure to earlier life adversity dysregulates physiological and neural systems, makes individual more sensitive to impacts of adverse experiences
stress proliferation
stress exposure leads to more and different types of exposure
