race and immigration Flashcards
what happened post WW1 ( 1918 - 1920 )
- black immigration had grown
- 1/3 of Britain’s manpower was black or Asian colonial troops.
- 1 million indian’s fighting for Europe, moved to the UK
- this fulled racism towards them as there was a perception that they were taking British jobs.
what were the “alien workers” ?
foriegn workers in the UK, which provoked numerous violent protests across the country including Cardiff where 3 people were killed and there was £3000 damages.
what was the “colour bar”
in theory all British citzens had the same rights to work however in reality blacks and Asians were continuously dscriminated against in employment.
who were the national union of sea men?
they wanted the jobs of all non-white seamen to be given to white seamen.
when was the Alien orders act ?
1920 - this meant that a migrant that wanted to work in this country had to register with the police before hand - this could lead to deportation if it wasn’t followed;
what was the special restrictions act?
1925 and required Asian or Black seamen to proved evidence of the citezen ship to immigration authorities before working.
what was different within wages and employment between blacks and whites?
- an Asian chef on average gets paid £5 an hour compared to an white chef who gets paid £20 an hour.
- during the 30’s 80% of the Black/Asian community was unemployed in comparrisson to 30% of the white community. - this was reported by the league of coloured people.
who was the international African service bureau?
IASB - dedicated to fighting imperialism and racism.
education and health innequalities pre WW2?
during the interwar period blacks and africans 50 of them where from high quality educations and universities and werent expected to stay in the UK - harold moody an african was repeatedly refused a job in a hospital.
who and how were the black & carribean community recognised in 1945?
the government for their role in the war effort. -
- 1,200 Carribean went to work in factories and some to armed forces in lanchshire and meryside.
what are some examples of on-going racism
?
- black/Asian men that dated white women were beaten
- blamed for social and economic problems.
- promotions of black or Asian soldiers was rare
- some Caribbean workers were refused work in factories due to cultural differences.
what new opportunities was there for Black and Asian people?
- all ex-service men recieved education
- due to the high death rates, it meant increased labour shortages which mean’t more employment opportunities for immigrants.
what did the mass migration between 1948-1958 cause?
- more opportunity in entertainment
- new music, food, and overall cultural variety.
- labour and conservative government were not pro immigration and put pressure on limitation for who could enter the country.
what was the racist reaction recieved by the government regarding increased immigration? (40’s-50’s)
they felt that black and asian's shouldn't get the same privileges including : - buying houses - getting jobs - claiming benefits and suggest they behave in a - criminal - socially unacceptable manor.
what trend occured between politics and immigration between 1958-1979?
conservative and labour politicians attemted to win votes by reduces and restricting immigration
- minority of people tried to appeal to popular racism
- some tried to support multi-culturalism
what led to the number of restriction on immigration in 1962?
- wide spread public concern about “racial tensions”
- government reports blamming minorities for increased crime rates.
who initially passed the first commonwealth immigration act and when ?
Harold Macmillan in 1962 - this was designed to end large-scale immigration and prevent a multi-cultural society by only allowing former colony members to obtain and entry for two reasons
- they had a job waiting for them
-they had specific skills required in the British economy.
this act did however allow families to be reunited, so that spouses or children could visit.
when was the commonwealth immigration act ammeneded?
1968 -
- children of migrants living in Britain who were over 17 were denied entry
- children with only one parent living in Britain were denied entry
- immigrants had to prove they had a grandparent living in Britain.
when and what was the immigration act
1971 - this introduced racial catagories into British law:
- partial = born in the UK applying to white british
- non-partial = people born outside the UK
non- partials were subject to strict controls whilst partials had no controls or restrictions.
what was the consequences of the series of acts?
mass migration:
- in order to beat the ban large numbers of black and Asians moved to Britain before the act went throught
- led to many immigrants who were planning to leave the UK to stay in fear that they may not get back in.
radicalisation: - conservative party’s slogan “if you want a nigger for a neighbour vote labour”
why were the race relation acts enforced?
labour governemnt introduced these acts to improve the life of individuals already living in the country and commitment to multi-culturalism,
what were the RR acts?
1965 - outlawed the colour bar, it became illegal deny someone access to a public place based on colour
1968 - extended the 1965 one and outlawed racial discrimination in housing and employment and established a community relations commission to promote multiculturalism within educations.
1976 - outlawed indirect discrimination
what was the LCP?
1931 established by Harold Moody known as the league of coloured people, which was set up to support coloured students to gain equal rights within education.
during the interwar period how many people from the Carribean and West Africa were educated in Britains top universities?
- 50 from west Africa
- 150 from the Caribbean
what did British policy makers hope would happen when young men from British colonies came to Britian?
- they hoped they would come and gain an excellent education and then return to the colonies to serve the Empire as senior administrators.
- students from the colonies were not expected to stay in Britain and work in elite positions regardless of their education.
who was Harold Moody?
- he was born in Jamaica and moved to Britian in 1904 to study medicine.
- he was repeatedly refused employment at British hospitals
- as a results, he established his own medical practice in London.
what did the LCP do?
- worked to expose the coloured bar
- started campaings to ensure equal access to facilities for all black and Asian people in Britain
- campaigned to get equal access to health care.
what provided greater opportunities for immigrants, post WW2?
- labour shortages
what act was passed by the government which increased the opportunities for those from British colonies?
the British Nationality act 1948 which created the right for all British colony citezens to enter the UK.
how many Jamaican people migrated to UK during the SS Empier Windrush ?
June 1948 = 492
as the economy grew during the 50’s what examples are there of immigrants gaining from opportunities are there?
- Dr. Mooksang who opened night clubs in London
- Jamaican DJ Wilbert Augustus Campbell
what famous even occurred at Notting Hill?
1958 - the most notorious riot against black people
- between 300-700 white men with knives, metal rods, and belts
- beat the black residents of Notting hill and their homes and businesses
- chanted “we will kill the blacks” and “keep Britain white”
- police did little to stop the attacks and therefore the black community organised their own defence.
what was meant by playing the “race card” ?
a number of conservative and labour politicians attempted to win votes by:
- proposing restrictions on immigration
- appealing to popular racism e.g. cons slogan “if you want a nigger for a neighbour vote labour” 1964 general elections
- other politicians tried to appeal to multi-multiculturalism.
why did some black people reject mainstream politics between 1965-68?
- due to labour government taking more of a hard-line attitude towards immigration.
where did Black people favour over mainstream politics during the mid-late 60’s?
- movements such as black power which had come over from America. - this emerged in 1966.
who formed the first British black panther party?
1968; Nigerian born Obi B. Egbuna
what was one of the consequences of the race relations acts?`
- led to a number of prosecutions due to it banning racial discrimination
how was the race relations acts often backfired onto black radicals?
- Micheal X leader fo the Racial adjustment action society - was the first person convicted of racial hatred.
what famous speech indicates white backlash to the race relations and immigration as a whole?
- Enoch Powell “rivers of blood” speech who argued British people were “strangers in their own country.
- 20th April 1968
what policy was adopted by some local governments regarding educuation during the 60’s and 70’s?
- policy of dispersal
- no more than 30% of a school population could be Indian or Caribbean.
