public health

Question 1

What was social welfare like pre 1918?

Answer 1

1911 - liberal government set up an compulsory national health insurance for low paid workers. they and their employers had to pay into the scheme in order to receive sick and medical treatment.

private and charitable businesses supported the ill.

the poor law provided a degree of medical care with some hospitals.

Question 2

what four things were agreed during the healthcare consensus 1918-1939 ?

Answer 2

investing in medical research
having a network of hospitals
rationing of healthcare
invest in medical training

Question 3

who was the Fabian society and what did they believe?

Answer 3

an organisation of moderate socialists - believed centralising healthcare even before 1918. and suggested it was the only was to see improvements.l

Question 4

what happened regarding welfare during WW1

Answer 4

a series of gov reforms - such as the ministry of health in 1919

Question 5

what disease spread during the post war period?

Answer 5

TB (tuberculosis) - gov enforced TB sanatoria funded by national insurance, it also created the medical research council which invested in researching cures for diseases.

Question 6

what act was passed in 1921 regarding TB

Answer 6

the tuberculosis act, making the provision of TB sanatoria by local authorities compulsory.

Question 7

what did the numerous policies regarding TB cause?

Answer 7

a decline in cases of TBevery year between 1920 -1928

Question 8

what was the 1929 local government act?

Answer 8

one of the most important reforms in healthcare during this period passed by minister of health Neville Chamberlain - which provided brand new and referbished hospital and passed the responsibility of hospitals from poor laws to local borough and county councils.

Question 9

how did the depression impact healthcare?

Answer 9

despite reforms in 1920’s - over half the population was not covered by insurance to pay for illness in 1928.
the most deprived areas would be victim to premature death due to extreme poverty and lack of food.

Question 10

what innovations occured in health care during 1930’s

Answer 10

after WW1 people learnt more about health and fitness due to training troops, therefore the idea of “preventative healthccare” became a priority.

Question 11

infant mortality rates by 1938?

Answer 11

due to improvements in healthcare infant mortality rates in england and wales dropped from 14.3 in every 1,000 between 1906- 1910 compared to 12 in every 1000 in 1936-1938

Question 12

were there still innequalities between class and healthcare?

Answer 12

yes, maternal mortality rates between 1920’s - 30’s were unequal, low-income women were 50% higher than high-income women,

Question 13

how did world war two impact healthcare ?

Answer 13

during WW2, the emergency medical service was set up (1939-1940) and was in anticipation for german air raids, to attempt to provided medical assistent for those wounded.

Question 14

why was the emergency medical health service signifigant?

Answer 14

It showed how a centralised medical health service could be run.

it also appealled to doctors who previously wanted to be independent as they saw a more organised and stable organisation.

Question 15

what negotiations needed to occur before the creation of a post-war health service?

Answer 15

between 1942-44, doctors and managers of local authority and private hospital workers needed to discuss how it was going to work - there was a commited agreement.

Question 16

what happened from 1945 - 79?

Answer 16

a clear political consensus between both parties on healthcare.

Question 17

who was prime minister during the time of the creation of the NHS?

Answer 17

bClement Atlee, who appointed Aneurin Bevan as minister for health. and he was central in creating the NHS act.

Question 18

when was the national health service act established?

Answer 18

1946 - and it outlined that healthcare would be universal for all, and it was be comprehensive, it would be free paid for by direct taxation, all existing hospitals would be nationalised.

Question 19

how was the NHS set out during the early stages ?

Answer 19

a tripartite system:

1. hospital services - accident and emergency services
2. primary care - GP’s, dentists, opticians
3. community services - vaccinations, health education.

Question 20

what was the impact of the NHS on public health post 1950?

Answer 20

• life expectancy increased from 65.8 years for men and 70.1 years for women to 71 for men and 77 for women

Question 21

was there still inequalities within healthcare post 1950’s?

Answer 21

• research shows that budget allocations favoured the middle class areas during the 50’s
• unskilled working men are twice as likely to die before reaching 65 in comparison to middle class men.

Question 22

how did healthcare improvements benefit women?

Answer 22

• reproduction
  more of a control in their fertility and lower maternal mortality rates.
• abortion
  1967 abortion act
  -NHS created greater opportunities for women in 1948 gov attempted to recruit 54,000 female nurses

Question 23

impact on mental health?

Answer 23

1957 Royal commission on mental ilness argued that patients with mental illness was routinely stigmitised. 
1959 mental health act:
 -introduced new terminology 
-removing judgemental attitudes
-introducing an open door policy.

Question 24

what did governments try and do during the 1960’s and 70’s to the NHS?

Answer 24

they tried to modernise it and deal with the long-term innequalities win provison.

Question 25

how much did spending increase on the NHS during 1960-75??

Answer 25

it increased by 4.5%

Question 26

what was the NHS now able to provide for paitents during the 1960’s ownwards?

Answer 26

• kidney dialysis
• catheters
• organ transplants

Question 27

how much did the number of consultants and nursing staff increase during 1964-79?

Answer 27

66%

Question 28

what was the Thalidomide drug crisis?

Answer 28

during the 50’s a drug called Thalidomide was developed by a west German pharmucutical company - it was an anti-biotic but the side effects were meant to stop morning sickness in pregnant women. however it was not tested properly and caused 10,000 serious deformed babies.

Question 29

how many people in retirement were there in 1971?

Answer 29

9 million

Question 30

how many hip replacement surgeries were perfomed in 1979?

Answer 30

24,000

Question 31

stats on opperations during 1979?

Answer 31

• 800 kidney replacements in a year

- 5,000 heart bypass operations

Question 32

what act put further strain on the NHS in 1967?

Answer 32

the family planning act- made planning advice availbale for all women.